I) Reading complex formulae

What do the following symbols mean in English?

1. ≡

2. ≠

3. →

4. <

5. >

6. ≤

7. ≥

8. ∞

9. ±

10. =

II) Order of Adjectives

It is obvious that words appear in sentences/ statements/ utterances in a linear order. However, each language has its own way of ordering the words for communicative purposes, it is, then, very important to understand this. And we have more than one type of adjectives and sometimes a group of adjectives at the same time modify one noun; that is why we have to clarify which type of adjective should go first, and which last. English adjectives have the following normal rule of positioning: size – general description – age – shape – colour – material – origin – purpose – participle - Noun

Example: a small nice old square brown wooden French writing desk

Note:

• In practice, there are no more than five adjectives modifying one noun at the same time.

Practice Tasks

Rearrange each of the following set of words to make a meaningful sentence. Pay attention to the order of adjectives where there is more than one adjective in the sentence.

1. pollution/ is/ problem/ noise/ a/ environmental/ serious.

2. culture/ the/ some/ of/ environmental/a/ creation myths/ reflect/ circumstances/particular.

3. of/ explain/ creation mythologies/ actual/ processes/ the/ variety/ formation/ the/ by/a/ of/ world.

4. the/ compact/ proposes/ dense/ extremely/ that/ hot/ the/ once/ big bang theory/ was/an/ and/ planet/ universe.

5. solutions/ have/ served/ for/ much/ framework/ theory/ the/ these /as/ of/ current/ on/theoretical/ the/ work/ big bang/ the.

6. about/ consider/ stability/ doubts/ hypotheses/ a/ catastrophic/ such/ of/ rings/ some/led/ to/ scientists/ the/ various.

7. begins/star/life/as/a/cool/relatively/a/large/,/in/nebula/of/mass/gas/a. some.

8.a/as/experienced/is/sensation/color/by/neurophysiological/and/humans/ of/animals/,/process/perception/a/complex.

TRANSLATION

English – Russian Translation

1. Noise, in physics, is an acoustic, electric, or electronic signal consisting of a random mixture of wavelengths. In information theory, the term designates a signal that contains no information. In acoustics, “white” noise consists of all audible frequencies, just as white light consists of all visible frequencies. Noise is also a subjective term, referring to any unwanted sound.

2. Space, in general usage, is that which is characterized by the property of extension or the ability to stretch out or extend in any direction; in astronomy, the region beyond the earth's atmosphere or beyond the solar system: outer space. The so-called actual space in which material objects exist and are perceived was regarded for many thousands of years as having three dimensions: left and right, up and down, and forward and backward.

3. Modern investigations in mathematics, physics, and astronomy have indicated that space and time are actually extensions of the same continuum, which scientists refer to as space-time or the space-time continuum.

4. A television program is created by focusing a television camera on a scene. The camera changes light from the scene into an electric signal, called the video signal, which varies depending on the strength, or brightness, of light received from each part of the scene. In color television, the camera produces an electric signal thatvaries depending on the strength of each color of light.

5. Refrigeration is the process of lowering the temperature and maintaining it in a given space for the purpose of chilling foods, preserving certain substances, or providing an atmosphere conducive to bodily comfort. Storing perishable foods, furs, pharmaceuticals, or other items under refrigeration is commonly known as cold storage. Such refrigeration checks both bacterial growth and adverse chemical reactions that occur in the normal atmosphere.

(From different sources)

FREE – READING PASSAGE

It is advisable that you read the following passage about one of the world ever greatest scientists who has contributed much to our beautiful life. Try to do practice on translation.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

(By Niels Bohr and I. I. Rabi )

With the death of Albert Einstein, a life in the service of science and humanity which was as rich and fruitful as any in the whole history of our culture has come to an end. Mankind will always be indebted to Einstein for the removal of the obstacles to our outlook which were involved in the primitive notions of absolute space and time. He gave us a world picture with a unity and harmony surpassing the boldest dreams of the past. Einstein's genius, characterized equally by logical clarity and creative imagination, succeeded in remolding and widening the imposing edifice whose foundations had been laid by Newton's great work. Within the frame of the relativity theory, demanding a formulation of the laws of nature independent of the observer and emphasizing the singular role of the speed of light, gravitational effects lost their isolated position and appeared as an integral part of a general kinematics description, capable of verification by refined astronomical observations.

Moreover, Einstein's recognition of the equivalence of mass and energy should prove an invaluable guide in the exploration of atomic phenomena.

Indeed, the breadth of Einstein's views and the openness of his mind found most remarkable expression in the fact that, in the very same years when he gave a widened outlook to classical physics, he thoroughly grasped the fact that Planck's discovery of the universal quantum of action revealed an inherent limitation in such an approach. With unfailing intuition Einstein was led to the introduction of the idea of the photon as the carrier of momentum and energy in individual radiative processes. He thereby provided the starting point for the establishment of consistent quantum theoretical methods which have made it possible to account for an immense amount of experimental evidence concerning the properties of matter and even demanded reconsideration of our most elementary concepts.

The same spirit that characterized Einstein's unique scientific achievements also marked his attitude in all human relations. Notwithstanding the increasing reverence which people everywhere felt for his attainments and character, he behaved with unchanging natural modesty and expressed himself with a subtle and charming humor. He was always prepared to help people in difficulties of any kind, and to him, who himself had experienced the evils of racial prejudice; the promotion of understanding among nations was a foremost endeavor. His earnest admonitions on the responsibility involved in our rapidly growing mastery of the forces of nature will surely help to meet the challenge to civilization in the proper spirit.

To the whole of mankind Albert Einstein's death is a great loss, and to those of us who had the good fortune to enjoy his warm friendship it is a grief that we shall never more be able to see his gentle smile and listen to him. But the memories he has left behind will remain an ever-living source of fortitude and encouragement.

Chemical reactions occur continuously in the atmosphere, in factories, in vehicles, in the environment, and in our bodies. In a chemical reaction, one or more kinds of matter is changed into a new kind-or several new kinds-of matter. A few common chemical reactions are shown here. Life as we know it could not exist without these processes: plants could not photosynthesize, cars could not move, pudding could not thicken, muscles could not burn energy, glue could not stick, and fire could not burn.