It's her money. It's hers.

The dog's got its food.

First person plural: That's our table. That's ours.

Second person plural: Are these your tickets? Are these yours?

Third person plural: It's their camera. It's theirs.

В Its and it's

We use its before a noun to express the idea of belonging.

The street is around here somewhere, but I've forgotten its name.

It's is a short form of it is or it has.

I think it's time to go. (= it is) It's got a lot colder today, hasn't it? (= it has)

С My, your with parts of the body and clothes

We normally use my, your, etc with parts of the body and with someone's clothes.

Emma shook her head sadly, not Emma shook the head sadly.

Someone came up behind me and grabbed my arm.

You must take off your shoes before you enter a mosque.

But we usually use the in the following structure with a prepositional phrase.

VERB PERSON PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

Someone grabbed me by the arm.

The stone hit Mike on the head.

D Own

We use own after my, your, etc to say that something belongs to us and to no one else. Rachel has got her own calculator. She doesn't borrow mine, not ап own calculator

I don't share any more. I've got a flat of my own. not of mine own

E A friend of mine

Look at these examples.

Tom is a friend of mine. (= one of my friends) not a friend of me

Rachel came to the party with a cousin of hers. (= one of her cousins)

I borrowed some magazines of yours. (= some of your magazines) Note also 's in this example: Rita is a friend of Melanie's.

92 Exercises

1 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc (A)

Complete the conversation. Put in the missing words.

Laura: Did you and (►)your friends have a nice holiday?

Emma: Yes, it was wonderful. We had the best holiday of (1) lives.

It didn't start very well, though. Daniel forgot to bring (2) passport. Laura: Oh, dear. So what happened? Emma: Well, luckily he doesn't live far from the airport. He rang (3) parents,

and they brought the passport over in (4) car, just in time.

Laura: You remembered (5) ,1 hope.

Emma: Yes, I had (6) , even though I'm usually the one who forgets things.

Actually Rachel thought for a minute that she'd lost (7)

Luckily it was in (8) suitcase. Anyway, in the end we had a marvellous time.

2 Its and it's (B)

Put in the correct form.

• Unfortunately, the town has lost its only cinema.

• The meeting won't last long. I'll see you when it's over.

1. You should return the book to owner immediately.

2. We'd like to go out for a walk, but raining.

3. I'm not buying this tablecloth because got a hole in it.

4. The board has decided that Zedco needs to improve image.

3 Parts of the body and clothes (C)

Put in my, your, etc or the.

• I was doing keep-fit exercises when I fell down and hurt my leg.

• Matthew served, and the ball hit Daniel on the knee.

1. A wasp stung me on neck. It really hurt.

2. The mother put both arms around the child.

3. Aunt Joan kissed Emma on cheek.

4. The fans were all shouting at the top of voices.

5. Don't just stand there with hands in pockets.

4 My own, a friend of mine, etc (D-E)

Correct the sentences which have a mistake.

► We're lucky. We've got an own- garden. We've got our own garden.

1. I met some nice people. Harriet introduced me to a friend of herself.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. My friends swim every day. They’ve got their only pool.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. I enjoy rock-climbing. It’s a favourite hobby to me.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. I hope Matthew will be here. I've got some CDs from his.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. I don't want to share. I’d like my very room.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

93 The possessive form and of

A Form

We use the possessive of a noun in phrases like the boy's name and Vicky's room. We form the possessive like this.

Singular noun: 's boy boy's Vicky  Vicky's

Plural noun ending in s: ' boys  boys' tourists  tourists'

Plural noun not ending in s: 's men  men's children  children's

We can use the possessive form with another noun or on its own.

I've met Rachel's family, but I haven't met Vicky's. (Vicky's = Vicky's family)

В The boy's name or the name of the boy?

Compare these structures.

THE POSSESSIVE FORM PHRASE WITH OF

the boy's name the name of the boy

the boys' names the names of the boys

the men's names the names of the men

Sometimes we can use either the possessive {the boy's name) or a phrase with of (the name of the boy), but often only one is possible. We normally use the possessive with people and animals.

my friend's house Claire's idea Daniel's brother our neighbour's garden the dog's owner

the policemen's uniforms the women's changing room the Parkers' car

We normally use of with things, and not the possessive form.

the side of the house not the house's side

the result of the match not the match's result

the day of the meeting not the meeting's day

But we use of with people when there is a long phrase.

the house of one of our teachers at college

the address of those people we met in Spain

not those people who we met in Spain's address

We can use both structures for places and organizations.

London's museums OR the museums of London

the earth's atmosphere OR the atmosphere of the earth

the company's future OR the future of the company

the government's intentions OR the intentions of the government

С The possessive of time

We can use the possessive to say 'when' or 'how long'.

last week's concert today's TV programmes yesterday's news about a month's work a moment's silence ten minutes' walk

Note also:

in two months' time (two months from now)

a week's wages (wages for a week)

93 Exercises

1 The possessive form (A)

Write descriptions of the things in the photos. Use boy, girl and children and these words: bike, cat, dog, skateboards, tent, trophies

► the children's dog 3

1 4

2 5

2 The possessive form (A)

Laura is showing Melanie her photos. Put in the possessive form of the nouns. Laura: This was taken in (►) my friend's (my friend) garden.

It was (1) (the twins) birthday party.

This is Kerry, (2) (Luke) girlfriend.

And that's (3) (Jason) sister Emily.

Melanie: And who are these two?

Laura: That's (4) (Debbie) mother.

She's talking to Monica Davis, (5) (her children) teacher.

And that's (6) (the Lanskys) dog

sitting on (7) (Olivia) foot.

3 The boy's name or the name of the boy? (B)

Ed Buckman writes detective stories. Here are the titles of some of his stories. Write the titles using either of or a possessive form (with s or s').

• the mistake / the policeman The Policeman's Mistake

• the bottom / the bottle The Bottom of the Bottle

1. the gun / Mr Hillman

2. the smell / blood

3. the car / the terrorist

4. the middle / the night

5. the death / someone important

6. the money / the gangsters

4 The possessive of time (C)

Rewrite the underlined phrases using a possessive form.

• The prices this year are even lower. This year's prices

• From here it's a drive of two hours. a two hours' drive

1. I read about it in the paper yesterday

2. I just want a rest for five minutes.

3. It's the special offer for this month

4. I'll see you in a week.

94 Some and any

A Basic use

Some and any go before a plural or uncountable noun (see Unit 85A).

There was a bowl and some cornflakes on the table, but there wasn't any milk. We can also use some and any without a noun.

Trevor wanted some milk, but he couldn't find any.

We normally use some in positive sentences and any in negative sentences or ones with a negative meaning, I

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

There's some milk in the fridge. I haven't any milk. (= I have no milk.)

I need some stamps. ~ There are some I haven't got any stamps. Have you got any.

in the drawer.

I met some interesting people last night. I never meet any interesting people nowadays.

We'll have some fun at Disneyland. We won't have any fun without you.

We can also use any in a sentence with if.

If you have any problems, you can discuss them with your group leaders.

I can answer any questions. (= If there are any questions,...)

In questions we can use either some or any, but any is more common.

We don't know whether the answer will be yes or no.

Have we got any butter? Will there be any food for the guests? Did you buy any clothes?

We normally use some in offers and requests to make them sound more positive.

Would you like some coffee? Could you post some letters for me?

We can use some in questions when we think the answer might be yes.

Did you buy some clothes? (Perhaps I know that you went out to buy some.)

В Someone, anything, etc

We choose between someone and anyone, something and anything, and somewhere and anywhere in the same way as between some and any.

Someone has spilt water everywhere. Did anyone see what happened?

Would you like something to eat? We haven't got anything to eat.

Let's go out somewhere. Is there anywhere we can go?

С Another use of any

We can use any in a positive sentence to mean 'it doesn't matter which'.

I'm free all day. Call any time you like.

Any student will be able to tell you where the college library is.

You can buy these maps at any petrol station. They all have them.

We say any petrol station because all petrol stations have the maps. It doesn't matter which one you go to. They are all equally good.

Look at these examples with anyone, anything and anywhere.

It's a very simple puzzle. Anyone could solve it. (= It doesn't matter who.) What shall we have for lunch? ~ Oh, anything. I don't mind.

Where do we have to sit? ~ We can sit anywhere. It doesn't matter.

• 94 Exercises

  1 Basic use (A)

  Look at the pictures and say what people have or haven't got. Use some or any. Use these words: cats, money, petrol, poison, sandwiches

  They've got some sandwiches.

• She hasn't got any money. 2

1 3

2 Basic use (A)

Justin Cooper is a radio disc jockey. Complete what he is saying. Put in some or any.

That was 'I can't find (►) any love' by Arlene Black. Now, I've had (►) some letters asking for something by

Express. One listener says she hasn't heard (1) Express songs on this programme for months.

Well, I'm going to put that right. And this will be our last track because there isn't (2) more

time left. We've had (3) great songs tonight, and I'll be here next week to play (4)

more. Now here's (5) music from Express -'I never have (6) luck'.

3 Some, any, someone, anyone, etc (A-B)

Complete the conversations. Put in some, any, anyone, someone, something or anything.

► Trevor: We haven't got any bread.

Laura: You'd better go to the shop, then. We need some tomatoes, too.

1 Claire: Would you like cheese and biscuits?

Sarah: Oh, no thank you. That was delicious, but I couldn't eat else.

2 Harriet: There's at the door.

Mike: Are we expecting visitors?

3 Melanie: Has offered to help you with the tea?

Rita: No, but I'd be very grateful for help you can give.

4 Vicky: I was looking for , and now I can't remember what it was.

Rachel: You said you were looking for matches.

4 Another use of any (C)

Put in any + noun, anyone or anything.

• The seats aren't reserved. You can have any seat you like.

• I don't mind what we do today. We can do anything you want.

1. If it's your party, you can invite you like.

2. All the buses go into the town centre. Take that comes along here.

3. This carpet is available in lots of colours. You can have you like.

4. My father has the television on all the time. He'll watch .

5. It doesn't matter which day you phone. Ring you like.

95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little

A Introduction

A lot of, lots of, many and much mean a large quantity.

Ron Mason owns a chain of supermarkets. He's made a lot of money. A few and a little mean a small quantity.

I'd better hurry. My bus goes in a few minutes.

Many and a few go before plural nouns. Much and a little go before uncountable nouns.

many places many problems much money much trouble

a few people a few buildings a little sunshine a little food

A lot of and lots of go before both plural and uncountable nouns.

a lot of tourists lots of games a lot of sugar lots of fun

We use these words without a noun if it is clear what we mean.

I take photos, but not as many as I used to. At one time I took a lot. Note that we say a lot without of.

В A lot of, many and much

As a general rule, we use a lot of and lots of in positive statements and many and much in negatives and questions.

Positive: We get a lot of storms here. We get a lot of rain here.

Negative: We don't get many storms here. We don't get much rain here. Questions: Do you get many storms here? Do you get much rain here?

How many eggs do we need? How much salt do we put in?

We use many or much (not a lot of) after too, so and as.

There are too many cars. I've got so much work. I haven't got as much money as you.

In formal English, we can sometimes use many and much in a positive statement. Many students have financial problems. There is much enthusiasm for the idea. But this is less usual in conversation, where we normally use a lot of or lots of.

In informal English, you may hear a lot of in a negative or a question.

I don't have many friends/a lot of friends. Do you eat much fruit/a lot of fruit?

С Few and little with and without a

With a the meaning is positive. Without a the meaning is negative.

A few customers have come into the shop. It has Few customers have come into the shop. It has

been fairly busy. been quiet.

Vicky has made a little progress and so is feeling Vicky has made little progress and so is not

quite pleased. feeling very pleased.

A few customers = some customers, a small Few customers = not many customers number of customers

A little progress = some progress, a small amount Little progress = not much progress of progress

Few and little (without a) can be rather formal. In informal speech we can use these structures.

Not many customers have come in. Vicky hasn't made much progress.

Only a few customers have come in. Vicky has made only a little progress.

95 Exercises

1 A lot of, lots of, many, much, a few and a little (A)

Write the sentences correctly.

► Mark was only spending one night away. He quickly put a little things into a bag. He quickly put a few things into a bag.

1. Rachel is learning to drive. She hasn't had much lessons yet.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. I'm making soup for twenty people. I'll have-to make a-lot of.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. I feel really tired. I haven't got many energy.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. The mixture looks rather dry. Maybe you should add a few water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. We're having a big party. We've invited a lots-of friends.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 A lot of, many and much (A-B)

Complete the conversation. Put in a lot of, many or much. More than one answer may be correct. Matthew: There are (►) a lot of athletes taking part in the International Games in London.

There's been (1) coverage in the papers.

Daniel: Our runners haven't won (2) medals, have they?

Matthew: No, not as (3) as last time. But there's plenty of time.

There are still (4) events to come. I'd like to go and see some

of the track events, but I haven't got (5) time at the moment.

Daniel: No, not with exams coming up.

Matthew: I'm hoping to go at the weekend if I can get a ticket.

Apparently there aren't (6) seats left.

Daniel: I've heard the cheapest tickets are £25.1 think that's too (7)

3 A few, few, a little and little (C)

Put in a few, few, a little or little.

• I don't think I can lift this box on my own. I need a little help.

• Few tourists visited Northern Ireland in the 1980s because of the terrorism there.

1. The postman doesn't often come here. We receive letters.

2. The snow was quite deep. There seemed hope of completing our journey.

3. Trevor isn't finding it easy to fix the shelves. He's having trouble.

4. Sarah is exhausted. She's having days' holiday next week.

5. David quite likes golf, but unfortunately he has ability.

6. I can speak words of Swedish, but I'm not very fluent.

4 Many, few, much and little (B-C)

Complete this paragraph from a travel book. Put in many, few, much or little.

The main town on the island is very small and does not have (►) many important buildings. The islanders

do not have (1) money, and they have (2) contact with the outside world. There is

not (3) chance of the place attracting large numbers of tourists. The roads are not very good.

There are lots of bicycles but not (4) cars. And there are hardly any of the modern facilities

which visitors expect. There are (5) shops, and there is (6) entertainment.

96 All, half, most, some, no and none

A All, most and some

We can use all, most and some before a plural or an uncountable noun.

All plants need water. All matter is made up of atoms.

Most people would like more money. Some food makes me ill

All plants means 'all plants in general/in the world'. Most people means 'most people in this country/in the world'. Some food means 'some food but not all food'. Here some is pronounced /sAm/.

В All of, half of, most of and some of

Laura: Why do you keep all of these clothes? You never wear most of them. You've had some of your jackets for ten years. Why don t you throw them all out? This one is completely out of fashion. Trevor: Well, I thought if I waited long enough, it might come back into fashion.

All of these clothes has a specific meaning. Laura is talking about Trevor's clothes, not about clothes in general.

We can use all (of), half (of), most of and some of.

Have all (of) the plants died? ~ No, not all of them.

Most of the people who live around here are students.

I've spent most of my money already.

Half (of) the audience left before the end of the film.

Some of that food from the party was all right, but I threw some of it away.

We can leave out of after all or half, but not before a pronoun.

all of these clothes OR all the clothes вит all of them not all-them

half of our group or half our group вит half of us not half us

We can also use all in mid position (see Unit 113B) or after a pronoun.

These cups are all dirty. I'll have to clean them all.

The guests have all gone now. I think they all enjoyed themselves.

We can use most and some on their own.

The band sang a few songs. Most were old ones, but some were new.

С All meaning 'everything' or 'the only thing'

We can use all with a clause to mean 'everything' or 'the only thing'.

Tell me all you know. All I did was ask a simple question.

Here you know and I did are clauses. We do not normally use all without the clause.

Tell me everything, not Tell me-all.

D No and none

We use no with a noun.

We've rung all the hotels, and there are no rooms available. I'm afraid I've got no money. (= I haven't got any money.)

We use none with of or on its own.

None of my friends will be at the party. Look at these clothes. None of them are in fashion now.

I wanted some cake, but there was none left, not There was no left.

96 Exercises

I All, most, half, some and none (B, D)

Read this advertisement for some new flats and then complete the sentences. Put in all of them, most of them, half of them, some of them and none of them.

Hartley House is an old manor house which has been converted into thirty one-bedroom and two-bedroom flats. All the flats have a fitted kitchen, bathroom and large living-room. Ten of them have a separate dining-room. Twenty-five of the flats have a view of the sea, and fifteen have a private balcony. All thirty flats are still for sale. Ring us now for more details.

► The flats are modern. All of them have a fitted kitchen.

1 ………………………..…..have two bedrooms.

2 From you can see the sea.

3 ………………..………… have a private balcony.

4 …………………………... have a large living-room.

5 There's also a dining-room in .

6 has been sold yet.

2 All, most, some and none (B, D)

There was a quiz evening yesterday. Six friends took part, and they all answered twenty questions. Did they get all, most, some or none of them right?

• Natasha answered all twenty correctly. She got all of them right.

• Daniel's score was fifteen. He got most of them right.

1. Jessica had only eight correct answers.

2. Matthew got them all right except three.

3. Andrew gave twenty correct answers.

4. But poor Vicky didn't get a single one right

3 All, most, no and none (A-D)

Complete the conversations. Use the word in brackets with all, all the, most, most of the, no or none of the.

► Andrew: I wonder where they make this milk.

Jessica: It isn't made in a factory, Andrew. All milk (milk) comes from animals.

► Rita: What do you usually do on a Sunday?

Mike: Not much. We spend most of the time (time) reading the papers.

1 Claire: In general, people aren't interested in politics, are they?

Mark: I think (people) are bored by the subject.

2 Vicky: These new flats are supposed to be for students.

Rachel: That's ridiculous (student) in the world could possibly afford

such a high rent.

3 Tom: Who's paying for the new ice-rink to be built?

Nick: Well, (money) will come from the government, but the city

has to pay a quarter of the cost.

4 Melanie: We should ban cars. (cars) pollute the air, don't they?

David: Well, except electric ones, I suppose.

5 Vicky: What kind of fruit should you eat to stay healthy?

Natasha: I don't think it matters (fruit) is good for you, isn't it?

6 Tom: I knew there had been a power cut because it was so dark everywhere. Harriet: Yes, (lights) in our street went out.

97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither

A Every and each

We use every and each before a singular noun to talk about a whole group.

The police questioned every person/each person in the building.

Every room/Each room has a number.

In many contexts either word is possible, but there is a difference in meaning.

EVERY EACH

Every person means 'all the people', 'everyone'. Each person means all the people seen as

individuals, one by one.

Every guest watched as the President came in. Each guest (in turn) shook hands with him.

I go for a walk every day. Each day seemed to pass very slowly.

Every means three or more, usually a large Each is more usual with smaller groups and can

number. mean only two.

There were cars parked along every street in There were cars parked along each side of the

town. (= all the streets) street. (= both sides)

We can use each (but not every) on its own or with of.

There are six flats. Each has its own entrance, not Every has ...

Each of the six flats has its own entrance, not Every of the ... We can also say Each one/Every one has its own entrance.

We can also use each in mid position (see Unit 113B) or after a pronoun. We've each got our own desk. They gave us each a desk.

Compare every and all before day, morning, week, etc.

I travel every day. (= Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,...)

I was travelling all day. (= from morning till evening)

В Whole

We use whole before a singular noun. It means 'all' or 'complete'.

The baby cried the whole time. (= all the time)

I've spent my whole life waiting for this moment. (= all my life)

We'll need a whole loaf to make sandwiches for everyone.

С Both, either and neither

We use both, either and neither for two things.

I've got two bicycles. Both of them are quite old. I've given up cycling, so I don't ride either of them any more. Neither of them is in very good condition, I'm afraid.

Both means 'the one and the other'. We can use it in the following structures.

We had two letters this morning, and both letters/both the letters/both of the letters/both of them are bilk We can also use both in mid position (see Unit 113B) or after a pronoun.

The letters are both bills. I've opened them both.

Either means 'the one or the other', and neither means 'not the one or the other'. I haven't met either twin/either of the twins/either of them.

Neither shoe fits/Neither of the shoes fit(s)/ Neither of them fit(s).

We can use both, either and neither on their own.

The store has two lifts, and both are out of order/neither is working.

97 Exercises

1 Every and each (A)

Complete the dialogue. Put in every or each. Sometimes both are possible.

Laura: It's a lot bigger than your last house, isn't it? Did you say there are four people living here?

Natasha: Yes, and we (►)each have our own bedroom.

Laura: Does (1) person pay a quarter of the rent?

Natasha: That's right. On the first of (2) month.

Laura: It must be fantastic for parties.

Natasha: Yes, it is. We don't have one (3) week, but almost!

Laura: Isn't that rather expensive?

Natasha: Not if (4) guest brings something to eat or drink! Anyway, there'll be no more parties

until our exams are over. We're spending (5) moment revising.

2 Every, all and whole (A-B)

Put in every, all or the whole, and the word in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

► Melanie is a religious person. She goes to church every Sunday (Sunday).

1. The weather has been awful today. It's been raining (day).

2. I just can't sleep. I spent (night) lying awake.

3. Sarah gets the train at half past seven (morning).

4. It's eleven o'clock. Are you going to lie in bed (morning)?

5. Last Saturday Trevor spent (day) putting up some shelves.

6. Why are you in such a hurry (time) I see you?

3 Both, either and neither (C)

There are two pubs in Brickfield, The White Horse and The Ship. Look at the information and then write the sentences. Use both of them, one of them or neither of them.