Air navigation. Airborne navaids
1. Give the definition of air navigation.
2. What are the three chief methods of air navigation?
3. What is pilotage? Why isn’t it used by commercial airlines?
4. What is dead reckoning? What equipment is used in dead reckoning?
5. What is radio navigation?
6. What is an aeronautical chart?
7. What is an airway? How are airways formed?
8. What is the function of radio beacons?
9. Give the examples of ground navigational equipment.
VOR/VORTAG/TACAN/ different beacons/ ILS
10. Give examples of aircraft navigational equipment.
Heading indicator, receiver, transmitter, transponder, TCAS(Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System, ILS
11. What is INS? What does INS compute?
A nav. system which, through the use of gyros, measures acceleration or displacement. The measurement is electronically relayed to a computer which in turn calculates the aircraft`s position in relation to some given reference
12. How does INS direct the aircraft?
INS equipment automatically stabilizes aircraft to true north
13. Does Inertial Navigation System have any ground stations?
No
14. What is transponder? Why is transponder very helpful for ATC?
A small airborne transmitter waits until a radar pulse strikes its antenna and then immediately broadcasts, at a different frequency, a radar reply of its own
15. What modes does it have? What are they used for?
A – identification, B – in military use, C – altitude, S – datalink
16. What do you know about mode “S” datalink?
Mode «S» datalink in an air/ground communications facility using modern SSR technology. SSR itself is a basic one-way datalink, automatically transferring to the ground, on request from the ground station aircraft identity and height information from the aircraft avionics.
-17. What does SSR stand for? What is it used for?
Secondary Surveillance Radar. Easy to get AFT identification without requesting 30 degrees turn from the original position
18. VOR can operate more accurately using additional NAVAID. What aid increases the VOR accuracy?
DOPPLER. Accuracy is increased by the addition of DOPLER (DVOR), by which fluctuations (колебания) in frequency wave motion emitted (испускаются) by an object moving at speed can be calculated.
19. What does TCAS stand for? What is its function? What two resolutions does it issue in case of assumed collision?
What is the difference between TA(Traffic Advisory) and RA(Resolution Advosory)?
Aviation meteorology
-1. What is flight safety subject to in terms of meteorology?
2. Why must pilots have knowledge of weather behavior?
To avoid hazardous flight conditions
3. What are meteorological predictions based on?
meteorological predictions are based upon movements of large air masses and local conditions ay points where weather stations are located
4. Define atmosphere.
It is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass
5. What layers does the atmosphere have? For what purpose is it divided?
stratosphere and troposphere
6. What kind of motion in the atmosphere do pressure and temperature changes produce?
vertical and horizontal movements of air
7. Why air motions should be of primary interest to the pilot?
Because they affect flight
8. What is a surface wind?
This wind is measured at 10 meters above the ground, where wind socks and other wind indicators are placed
9. At what height is surface wind measured?
10 meters
10. What should a pilot flying through turbulence anticipate?
bumpy and unsteady flight
11. What does the intensity of turbulence depend on?
The intensity depends upon the size of the obstacles and the velocity(speed) of wind
12. On what side is it more favorable to approach the hill or the mountain – on the windward or on the leeward and why?
Windward is more favorable because updraft which is smooth helps to carry aircraft over the peak. But leeward side isn`t favorable because downdraft with much turbulence
13. Why is the wind blowing on the windward side more favorable in approaching a hill or mountain than the wind blowing on the leeward side?
14. At what height is it recommended to clear mountain ridges (хребет) and peaks?
700 meters
15. What is wind shear?
changes in wind direction and/or speed within a very short distance in the atmosphere
16. What hazards can wind shear cause?
2 potentially hazardous situations: tail wind to head wind -> increasing airspeed-> pitch up. head wind to tail wind -> airspeed decreases -> pitch down
-17. Name the most important meteorological phenomena that cause significant low-level wind shear problems.
thunderstorms and certain frontal systems near the airport
Define eddy.
gusts with sudden changes in speed and directions
Front - is a boundary of air masses, this is mixed air masses with similar temperature, pressure and humidity.)
19. What is a moving front?
boundary move along earth surface
20. What is a stationary front?
if boundary doesn`t move
21. What is the difference between cold and warm fronts?
Warm - warmer air replaces colder air. This front has high humidity. Here form clouds, drizzle, rain and other weather phenomena. Cold - when the cold front moves forward, it acts like a snow plow, sliding under the warmer air and forcing it aloft. This causes the warm air to cool suddenly and form cloud types that depend on the stability of the warm air
22. What is occluded front?
This is condition in which an air masses is trapped between two colder air masses and forced aloft to higher levels until it finally spreads out and loses it identity
23. What phenomena usually accompany thunderstorms?
Thunder, lightning, heavy rain showers, hail, squalls, tornados
24. What types of clouds are associated with thunderstorms?
cumulonimbus clouds
25. What dangers can thunderstorms cause?
Reduced visibility, lightning strike, radio communication interference, damage from hail, icing, windshear, turbulence
26. What is dew point?
It is a temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated
27. What is fog?
When the air near the ground is 4-5 degrees above the dwe-point, the water vapor condences and becomes visible as fod/mist
28. What is mist? What is the difference between fog and mist?
the difference between fog and mist is: mist exist if the visibility exceeds 1 km, fog exists if it falls below 1 km
29. What is ceiling?
The height above the surface up to the lowest layer of clouds
30. What is visibility?
the greatest horizontal distance at which prominent objects can be distinguished with the naked eye
31. What precipitation do you know?
32. What are the two categories of weather information?
Forecasts and reports
33. What forecasts do you know?
Area forecast, aerodrome forecast (TAF, TREND) special forecast
34. What reports do you know?
METAR,ATIS(Automatic Terminal Information Service, VOLMET - in-flight weather report
What kinds of wind do you know?
tailwind, headwind, crosswind, wind shear, gusty wind, wind aloft
What kinds of fog do you know?
valley fog, shallow, thick, dense, drizzling, advection, for in patches