Karpova_bazy_dannyh
.pdf
193


















, 












,




,




;
















;

.






































-
















.





























. 



-



















SQL. Server 7.0 
















: 











, 












,












. SQL Server 7.0 



















: 





, 






, 






. 



-






.


























. 








































64000 

.















. 




















-









64 000 



4 




. 




















:















(Global allocation map, GAM) 

















. 








0, 








, 

1







.



















(Secondary global allocation map, SGAM)













. 








1, 
























, 








(




, 





, 










, 





) 



0.





.
|
SQL 7.0 |
|
|
- |
|
(Page free space page PFS). |
PFS- |
- |
|
8000 |
, 1 |
. |
|
|
, |
|
|
, |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
. |
- |
1 |
. |
|
|
- |
, |
|
, |
|
PFS. |
PFS |
|
8000 |
, |
|
194 |
9. |









. 



2-
GAM, 






SGAM. 























512 000 


. 



, 































(database boot page), 




















.






-















(Index Allocation Map, IAM). 
























IAM. 





, 






-











, 































. 


IAM 



















-












. IAM 



















-







. 























FirstlAM 







Sysindex. 

IAM 















, |
|
|
1, |
, |
, |
0 - |
. |






























, 


-



















, 






«







- 
» 
















99.












, 













, 






-



3 
: 



, 














, 










, 
































-





.












, 






SQL Server 6.5 





, 

-



















. 














-




























. 



, 



















.











, 










. 










-










. 























-







. 



















, 





-
























, 








, 




.
SQL Server 7 0 



















(Slot),


















. 


















, |
, |
- |
. |
|
- |

, 














, 







.





















. 













.
|
|
|
195 |
|
|
|
|
, |
|
, |
|
. |
|
|
6.5 |
, |
NULL, |
, |
|
. |
7.0 |
|
- |
|
, |
NULL |
. |
- |
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
, |
|



6.5.


. 






















. 






-

















.

















1024. 


6.5 

256.



7 0 


















. 





-







16-6















. 






-


















.
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
( -tree). |
|
|
|
|
|
(Root |
structure) |
|
84 |
. |
|
|
|
|
|
64 |
|
|
. |
|
32 |
|
(Root |
structure) |
4 |
|
( |
) |
8 |
. |
|
8 |
( |
|
|
|
8080 |
). |


, 














4 

,

. 

















6 

, 











6 

, 












2 

,
32 

,
.
6 

7.0 





























-
(
9.18).








6.5 
























-





. 











































LOG. 


















































-


, 



















. 





























.
196 |
|
9. |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
Text |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
Text |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Roll structure
Block 1.2 
|
|
|
|
Text |
Roll structure |
|
|
||
|
|
|
Page |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
Block 1.3 

. 9.18. 






































,





















(















, 
















) 



















.
|
, |
. |
, |
, |
, |
|
- |
|
. |








, 






, 















:










, 
















, 









.
















, 





































, 








































.








, 
















, 




- 
, 










, 






.






, 
















-






.






, 

























.
197


















, 











-








.









. 























, (








-






). 
, 























. 





























-

,





.



























, 




-














. 


















-
.








, 











, 




































. 





-
















, 











. 
-























, 


SQL 
-


















. 










-


,
CREATE
INDEX, 













:
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX <
_


> ON <
_


> ( <
_


>[<








\ [ <
_


> 









<
_


> - 















<











ASC 
















, DESC 







-
|
|
. |
|
DROP, |
: |
DROP INDEX < _ |
>. |
|


10
|
, |
, |
- |
. |
|
|
- |
, |
, |
|
- |
|
, |
|
- |
|
. |
|
- |
|
|
|
, |
, |
, |
|
- |
|
. |
|
|
|
. |
|
- |
|
, |
|
- |
, |
, |
|
|
, |
|
. |
- |
, |
|
, |
- |
, |
. |
|
|
, |
|
, |
- |
, |
|
- |
|
|
, |
|
|
, |
, |
. |
|
|
, |
|
- |
, |
|
|
- |
, ( |
|
|
- |
). |
|
|
|
199









so 









, 








, 



























, 









-
















. 




























. 























- 








(

101):

. 10.1. 





















, 




















. 













, 














.


















, 









.
|
|
, |
- |
|
. |
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
. |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|
. |
|
- |
, |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
, |
- |
|
. SQL- |
. |
|
|
|
, |
- |
|
|
SQL, |
- |
|
( |
), |
- |
200 |
10. |












, 


















.


















.













, 




















, 














.


































-


, 





























-

































-

































. 





























, 




-






, 



























-

. 
















, 













-




, 


SYSTEM R, 








IBM, 




























SQL, 







-








, 





















, 



|
. |
|
mainframe- |
|
- |
, |
, |
- |
DownSizing. |
|
|
|
. |
|
, |
, |
- |
. ., |
|
- |
, |
|
|
|
. |
|
UpSizmg. |
|
- |
, |
|
- |
. |
|
- |
PC |
|
- |
, |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
- |


, 

























. 








RightSizmg (












, 







). 






































-








. 





















, 

-





























, 



-















, 














-



. 

































































-










.
« |
- |
» |
201 |


«

-

»
« |
- |
» |
|
, |
|
90- |
. |




«

-

» 


























, 



























-




















, 
















«


», 



«


». 




















, 




















.






, 


























-








.
( |
) |
, |
|
. |
- |
. |
, |
- |
|
, |
- |



















. 


, 







main-


, 























,
- 
















, 














-
.


, 







, 






. 


































, 























-

, 

































, 































, 

























-
.



, 




























-




, 







, 



. 




















-



.




«

-

» 





















-





























5 

,












:

















(Presentation Logic),









, 

























(Business Logic),




















(Database Logic),
(Database Manager
System);









, 

























.
202 |
10. |
, |
, |

. 10.2.
Presentation
logic
Business
logic
Database
logic

. 10.2. 



















,










(Presentation Logic) 
















, 
















, 










. 

,















, 













, 


-
|
, |
|
|
- |
|
: |
|
|
|
|
; |
|
|
|
|
; |
|
|
|
|
; |
|
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
- |
, |
|
|
CICS (Customer Control Information System) |
IMS/DC |
IBM |
||
TSO (Time Sharing Option) |
main- |
|
- |
|
. |
GUI |
|
, |
- |
|
Microsoft's Windows, Windows NT, |
|
OS/2 |
|
Presentation Manager, X-Windows
OSF/Motif.
- |
, |
(Business processing Logic), |
|
, |
|
|
. |
- |
|
, |
, C++, Cobol, Smalltalk, Visual- |
Basic.










(Data manipulation Logic) 











,



.
(DBMS).





SQL.
