III. Answer the questions:

1. What did adults teach their children in a primitive tribe?

2. What important thing did primitive people get then?

3. How did upbringing of boys and girls differ?

4. Who organized the first institutions of upbringing?

5. What were the features of patriarchy?

6. What played one of the most important roles in children’s upbringing?

IV. Complete the sentences:

1. The period of a primitive tribe was … .

2. Children got experience through … .

3. Adults taught their children … .

4. The main goal of upbringing laid in … .

5. Boys got acquainted with … .

6. Children were also brought up through … .

7. Later human tribes united … .

V. Find the English equivalents for:

опис, спостереження, первісний, плем’я, трудові навички, вважати, спонтанний, релігійні уявлення, полювання, вести домашнє господарство, окремо, уміння, родичі.

VI. Match the words that go together:

1) ethnical a) activities

2) primitive b) preparation

3) mental c) community

4) labour d) house

5) to gather e) plants

6) to keep f) descriptions

7) family g) skills

8) intellectual h) society

VII. Translate the sentences:

1. У період патріархату чоловіки були лідерами суспільства.

2. Народна творчість грала важливу роль у вихованні дітей у первісному суспільстві.

3. Дітей навчали дотримуватися традицій племені.

4. З тринадцяти років дівчат та хлопців виховували окремо.

5. У первісному суспільстві з’явилися деякі елементи освіти.

VIII. Make up sentences with the terms:

primitive tribe, upbringing, observation, inheritance, to stick to traditions, clan, development, labour skills, custom, matriarchy, patriarchy, folk art, achievement, mental activity.

IX. Give a short summary of the text.

Text b

I. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:

nomadic – кочовий

to follow – переслідувати

the fittest – найбільш пристосований

to survive – виживати, лишитися живим

artwork – (тут) графічне зображення

hands-on-training – практичне навчання

hands-on experience – практичний досвід

necessities – предмети першої необхідності

to compose – складати

band – група людей; рід

kinship – споріднення

guidance – керівництво

descent – походження

ancestor – предок

presumed – гаданий

II. Read and translate the text using the dictionary:

The concept of survival

Primitive people were mostly nomadic having to move from one place to another in order to follow the food. The concept of the “survival of the fittest” was very topical that time. Primitive people should learn to survive and be strong enough to survive. Youth that could not survive were often left.

Young people were taught about life through stories. Primitive people did not have the concept of writing. A lot of the primitive artwork we see was used to teach children. It was mostly through stories passed down from elder to youth that taught life lessons. Hands-on-training was a way of life. There was no school room to learn how to survive. Instead nature was the school room. Youth were taught the hard way about life such as how to survive, find food, etc.

The skills needed to survive were often taught in hands-on experience. When possible fighting skills were trained and youth who could not fight to survive were killed.

Young people were taught what to look for and how to look for food. Parents took the children with them wherever they went. If camps were set up some youths stayed behind to help the camp, while others were hunting. Hunting parties were formed with hands-on experience necessary. Women and younger children often gathered berries and other necessities at the camps.

Most primitive cultures were composed of one of three different types of societal structure: band, clan or tribe. A band society is the simplest form of human society. It generally consisted of a small kinship group, often not larger than an extended family. Bands tend to have very informal leadership; the older members of the band generally were looked to for guidance and advice, but there were no written laws.

A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by descent from a common ancestor.

A tribe consists of a group of interlinked families or communities sharing a common culture and dialect. A tribe is often composed of an ethnic group, whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy, and are also usually united by common cultural, linguistic or religious practices.