9.She spoke to me as if we (had known/ knew) each other for a long time.

10.The project (would be finished/ would have been finished) long ago but for some unforeseen circumstances.

Wish-sentences

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to explanations below.

a)Wishes about present events: Wish+ Past Simple

1. I am not very tall, I wish I were taller.

2. My father only speaks Spanish. He wishes he spoke English or French.

b)Wishes about past events: Wish + Past Perfect

1.We could not attend the meeting. We wish we had attended the meeting.

2.It rained so hard that the party was cancelled, I wish it hadn’t rained.

c) Wishes about future events: Wish + would/could (use always when talking annoying habits)

1.He leaves his clothes on the floor and his room is a mess. I wish he tidied up after himself.

2.Mr. Urban wants to have an interview with you. He wishes you would meet him next week.

Exercise 10. Choose the correct variant.

1.We wish our exams (be) over. (were/are/ be)

2.It’s always difficult to get there by bus. I wish I (have) a car. (have/ had)

3.She is taking her English test tomorrow but she does not know grammar well enough.

(learns/ learnt/ had learnt).

4.- Dad is angry with you.

- I’m sorry, I wish I (say) those offensive words.

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(didn’t say/ hadn’t said).

5.We had wonderful holiday in France, I wish we (go) there again next summer. (will go/ go/ went).

6.Will your sister come to the party? I wish she (meet) some of my friends. (would meet/ meet/ meets).

7.Mag’s lost her key. She wished she (not/be) so careless. (wasn’t/ hadn’t been)

8.I wish I (not/spend) so much money. Now I have to borrow some from my parents.

(hadn’t spent/ didn’t spend)

9.Terry had a terrible headache yesterday. He wishes he (drink) less at the party. (drank/ had drunk)

10.Sarah looks very upset. Her husband wishes she (not/worry) about their son’s troubles.

(didn’t worry/ doesn’t worry/ hadn’t worried) 11.I’m hungry. I wish it (be) time for lunch.

(is/ was)

12.The cake is delicious, but I wish there (not/be) so much fat in it (is not/ hadn’t been/ wasn’t)

13.- Are you going to the seaside alone?

-I wish my friends (come) to me.

(would come/ come)

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences with the correct tense of the verb in brackets.

1.We always have to take the bus home, I wish we (not to live) so far from the city center.

2.We are completely soaked. I wish we (to bring) the umbrella.

3.He is always whistling. I wish he (not to do) that all the time.

4.We are having a wonderful holiday on the bench. I wish you (to be) here.

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5.This computer is useless. I wish my parents (to choose) a better one when they bought it.

6.She’s got a new job but she feels bored. She wishes her boss (to give) her more responsibility.

7.He’s sorry he missed the wedding ceremony. He wishes he (to go).

8.I wish my neighbours (not to make) so much noise. I can hardly sleep at night.

9.Citizens wish their leaders (to start) doing something to improve the economic situation.

10.They have lots of money. Even so, they wished they (to have) more and more.

Exercise 12. Write a sentence using “to wish”:

1. I ate too much and now I have stomachache.

_____________________________________________

2.His parents would like him to look after himself.

_____________________________________________

3.I can’t smoke anywhere now. The anti-smoking law is so restrictive. If only ________________________________________

4.It’s a pity we don’t own a boat, I love sailing.

_____________________________________________

5.My pupils keep talking in class all the time and I can’t handle it.

______________________________________________

6.Visiting the museum was interesting but it would have been nicer to go to the beach.

________________________________________________

7.Next Christmas I would like to stay at home for a change.

_____________________________________next Christmas.

8.He never brings me flowers on our anniversary.

_________________________________________________

9.I failed all my exams. I should have studied harder.

If only____________________________________________

10.I don’t like being so tall.

__________________________________________________

Речення з If only (IF ONLY-sentences) (They are used to emphatic wishes)

Exercise 13. Translate the sentences. Explain the use of tense forms.

I can’t restart the computer. If only I knew how to fix it!

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We are completely lost. If only you had brought your GPS!

Exercise 14. Express an unreal wish concerning the following statements.

Model: I don’t know him well enough. If only I knew him better.

1.He will not be in time. 2. They are coming today. 3. I’m not able to object you.

4.He makes bad mistakes. 5. They always come late. 6. She forgot to wind my alarm-clock. 7. I don’t know who is responsible for it. 8. He will miss the train. 9. There is something the matter with her heart. 10. That dog keeps barking all through the night. 11. The show will be over by the time we come. 12. I am not able to concentrate somehow.

Exercise 15. Show that you are sorry an action took or did not take place in the past.

Model: I lost my wrist watch. If only I had not lost my wrist watch.

1. I did not give him my address. 2. I forgot to tell her about the lecture. 3. I did not leave any message. 4. He did not know her address. 5. She promised to come and help them. 6. They did not know about that. 7. They found no file. 8. They stayed in the forest. 9. She switched off the lights before going to bed. 10. She did not read the paper that day. 11. They wrote and told her so. 12. They left their papers on the bench.

Exercise 16. Translate into English.

1. І чому я не розповіла їй про це! 2. Якби ви знали, де вони зараз! 3. Якби він (тоді) прийшов вчасно! 4. Якби вона тільки так не хвилювалася на іспитах (завжди). 5. І навіщо вона розхвилювалася!6. Якби вони (тоді) не збилися з шляху! 7. І навіщо тільки вони сварились!

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Exercise 17. Translate the sentences with Subjunctive Mood + Indefinite Infinitive

1.It would be unwise, however, to attach too much significance to a purely formal title.

2.It should be stated that we are assuming throughout this chapter that the primary condition that the system be stable is already satisfaction.

3.It is desirable that the output signal be a linear function of the input signal.

4.It is important that the satellite not be dependent upon orientation relative to the sun or the earth.

5.Air cooling instead of water cooling would also reduce the weight of the engine, but a larger blower (fan) would be required to keep the engine cool.

6.For a system to be in complete equilibrium it is necessary that there be mechanical equilibrium.

7.For example, you may choose to work late rather than go home; but you wish that the option of working late were unavailable.

Exercise 18. Translate the sentences with Subjunctive Mood + Perfect Infinitive

1.There are many factors that could have contributed to this relatively small imbalance.

2.It is evident that the motor car of today could not have been produced in the quantity and quality without the liberal use of forgings.

3.It was considered at first that a cubical design of telescope would have been adopted.

4.If the Telstar satellite had been built using the state-of-the-art of a decade ago it would have been a very different satellite.

5.Although these mechanisms work, it is a key area of DA 4 that could have been designed better.

6.They would have preferred to have stayed on to continue the fight against the enemy, but this was refused them.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences with Subjunctive Mood paying attention to modal verbs

a) 1. I should agree with him. 2. Anyone would agree with him.3. He proposed that we should go fishing in the evening. 4. We insist that the problem be dealt with by the Security Council in its full composition. 5. Without your help the work would have had much more mistakes. 6. In the entrance exams he missed some questions which a schoolboy could have answered. 7. It is not surprising; therefore, that Rome should begin to take a greater interest in the affairs of Greece. 8. The load finally became unbearable. The people refused to pay taxes and asked that all debts be cancelled.9. It was inevitable that William the Conqueror (1) should feudalize

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England. 10. This custom would have seemed strange to us.11. He arranged that they should be relieved of their work for that time. 12. Milton (2) demanded three things of poetry: that it be simple, sensuous and expressive.13. I hope that I can indicate methods that might be developed further.14. Regrettable as that may be in view of the antiquity of our texts, the material is certainly too ambiguous.

b)1. They demand that their trusts and monopolies be given free access to these countries. 2. Pound (a poet) is a master of rhythmic invention in verse; there is probably no one who would want to deny this. 3. But being a Frenchman he had pushed his researches further than any Englishman at this period would have dared to. 4. The bailiff had to keep his eye on the unwilling workmen lest they should sit down for half-an-hour at a time at the end of every furrow.5. They dared not come out in the day-time lest they should be noticed. 6. It was entirely undesirable that this information should be given away. 7. As a conclusion to this section, however, it is therefore, entirely proper that we quote one of his chapter headings. 8. The title of the first story is taken from the name of the hero. It is the best known of the series, and has been published separately, as if it were the entire work. 9. In that age of reason it was necessary that clearness of expression should be joined to precision of thought. 10. This is a hypothesis which could be proved only by the actual discovery of remains of this race.

c)1. It is remarkable that the common plural should be formed from the feminine singular. 2. Under whatever economic system a people may live, their language serves alike the activity of consolidating and defending that economic system, and also of changing it and replacing it by another. 3. Burns' (3) poetry is really more universal than this distinction would imply. 4. There are three other passages where a similar cure might well be applied. 5. A main theme in Chartist history was the attempt to create a sense of class unity which would bind together these three groups. 6. Lest it should be thought that we are making an unwarranted postulate, we may cite examples in languages other than English.7. It would be a mistake to think that they are unaware of the fact.8. Feeling less, Hamlet would have less inclination to act; thinking less, he would have more power to act.

(1)William the Conqueror – Вильгельм Завоеватель.

(2)Milton – Джон Мильтон (1608 – 1674), великий английский поэт.

(3)Burns – Роберт Бернс (1759 – 1796), знаменитый шотландский поэт

Прийменник (The Preposition )

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Exercise 1. Read and remember the following phrasal verbs.

To accuse someone IN something-звинувачувати когось в чомусь; to aim AT somethingнацілюватись на щось, прагнути чогось; to apologize TO someone FOR something-вибачатися перед кимось за щось; to apply TO someone FOR somethingзвертатись до когось за чимось, подавати заяву про прийняття на роботу, претендувати на; to ask FORхотіти чогось, просити про щось; to ask ABOUTспитати про щось; to assure someone OF somethingзапевняти когось у чомусь; to beg FORпросити про; to belong TOналежати комусь; to beware OFстерегтися чогось, бути уважним; to blame someone FOR somethingзвинувачувати, робити когось відповідальним за щось; to charge someone WITH-звинувачувати когось у чомусь; to confide /trust/ IN someone-довіряти, вірити комусь; to congratulate someone ON - поздоровляти когось з чимось; to consist OF -складатися з.

Exercise 2. Read and remember the following phrasal verbs:

To correspond TO – відповідати чомусь; to count ON – розраховувати на; to depend ON – залежати від; to fail IN – зазнати невдачі у чомусь; to fear OF - боятися чогось; to fear FOR someone - боятися за когось; to feed ON – харчуватися, годувати; to force something ON something – примушувати когось щось робити; to insist ON – наполягати на; to listen TO - слухати; to long FOR – дуже чогось бажати, жадати чогось; to occur TO – прийти у голову, осягнути щось; to persist IN – наполягати на; to prefer TO – віддавати перевагу; to prepare FOR – готуватися до чогось; to refer TO – посилатися на; to rely ON – покладатися на; to remind someone OF – нагадати комусь про щось; to resort TO вдаватися до; to succeed IN – досягнути успіху у чомусь; to suspect someone OF

– підозрювати когось у чомусь; to wait FOR – очікувати на когось; to wonder AT something – дивуватися чомусь.

Exercise 3. Insert after or past

1.It’s ten… nine. … supper we can have a walk. 2. … that I never saw him here.

3.It was … noon when he woke up. 4. He is an elderly gentleman … the age of adventures. 5. They left the town … the ceremony. 6. It was … midnight but he still worked. 7. If we come … the appointed time, he will not receive us. 8. … the parade we saw the demonstration. 9. They analyzed the game … the match was over.

10.Who will believe you … this? 11. I’m … the retirement age but they are letting me stay on. 12. What did you do … dinner? 13. … a few minutes of thinking I fell asleep. 14. “I don’t mind your returning a little … midnight,” she said. 15. Year … year I have been watching them.

Exercise 4. Insert the prepositions: at, in, on, over through (out).

1. There is always water … the ground even in a desert. The ground was wet; water stood … the ground everywhere. After the rainy season there was water … the whole region. 2. We are … the top of the skyscraper. We lay … the top of a pile of boards. 3. I saw such a hat …the head of a woman yesterday. Who knows what is …

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his head! I was lucky enough having some sort of roof … my head. I saw him … the head of the demonstration. 4. There was a dead calm …the sea. There was a black shadow … the sea. 5. The fruit … the picture look natural. So many dirty spots … the picture! He spread some oil … the picture to make it cleaner. 6. In winter some birds and animals sleep … the snow: it is warmer than to stop the night … it. We could not find the fox as fresh snow was … the area.

Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with proper prepositions (between2, in4, by3, for, across, via, from, to, on, of5, with2, until, within, due to).

1.HTTP is a request/response protocol … clients and servers.

2.HTML document is a text … a form readable … a web browser.

3. XML is purposed … sharing data … different information systems, particularly … the Internet.

4.The reader may navigate … one passage … another … clicking … hyperlinks.

5.HTTP is a request/response protocol … clients and servers.

6.HTML provides a means to describe the structure … text-based information … a document.

7.The Consortium is headed … Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the primary author … the original WWW.

8. … dynamic HTML, you can hide images … the document … the user interacts … the page.

9.Static web pages consist… files … text stored … the web server file system.

10.Work … this direction was discontinued … lack … browser support.

Exercise. 6 Fill in the gaps with proper verb from line A or preposition from line B. Put the verb into the necessary form.

a.You look tired. Sit ____ and have a cup of tea.

b.I’m looking for yesterday’s newspaper. Did you throw it ______?

c.______ on your warm coat. It’s cold today.

d.Could I _____ on these shoes, please? Size nine.

e.Turn ____ the music! It’s too loud!

f.Don’t forget to _____ off the light when you come to bed.

g.I live in Bristol now, but I grew _____ in Leicester.

h.Have you heard? Tony’s going _____ with an Italian girl called Sophia.

i.Could you _____ in this form, please, and sign it at the bottom?

j.Come _____! Hurry _____! You’ll be late for school.

k.I’m _______ forward to meeting her very much.

l.Pick ______ your litter! Don’t drop it on the street!

m.Don’t worry about the baby. I’ll look _______ her while you’re out.

n.What a pretty dress! Turn _____! Let me look at it from the back.

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o._____ out! The glass is going to fall! Oh! Too late!

p.John! Wake ____! Can you hear a noise downstairs?

q.I’m _____ for the car keys. Have you seen them anywhere?

r.I’m going to take these shoes _____ to the shop. The heel has broken already.

s.She _____ off her horse and hurt her wrist.

t.I used to smoke, but I ____ up last year.

Найбільш поширені складені прийменники (Compound preposition)

apart from – крім, за винятком according to – відповідно до, згідно as to - відносно, що стосується

because of – через (кого-що), внаслідок (чого) but for – без, за винятком, крім

by means of – за допомоги

in accordance with – у відповідності (з чимось) in addition to – крім, на додаток до

in case of (in the event of) - у випадку as compared with - в порівнянні з

in conformity with – у відповідності (з чимось)

in consequence of – внаслідок, в результаті, завдяки in favour of – на користь (чогось)

in spite of - не дивлячись на instead of - замість

owing to – завдяки, внаслідок

subject to – за умови, за дотримання, допускаючи, якщо thanks to – завдяки, через

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Apart from these implications, some experiments with interactive systems are noteworthy. 2. As to the thesis it holds for more general cases of isomerization. 3. In spite of the complexity of the structure, the theoretical results may be considered highly satisfactory. 4. The process cannot be described clearly by means of the model. 5. They have to be technically competent and operate with responsibility in conformity with accepted notions of professionalism. 6. In addition to laptops, scientific calculators and palmtops can also be equipped for taking these types of measurements. 7. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. 8. According to research computer addicts usually do well after they have left school.

Exercise 8. Make up your own sentences with the compound prepositions

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Типи питальних речень (Types of interrogative sentences)

Exercise 1. Underline predicates and auxiliary verbs. Make these sentences interrogative:

1.The first microprocessor was designed by Intel in 1969.

2.The developments leading to the IA can be traced back through the 8085 and 8080 microprocessors to the 4004 microprocessor.

3.The object code programs created for these processors starting in 1978 will still execute on the latest members of the IA family.

4.The 8086 has 16-bit registers and a 16-bit external data bus.

5.These processors introduced IA segmentation.

6.The first actual processor in the IA family is the 8086.

Exercise 2. Put the general questions to the following sentences:

1.Multitask computers treat the incoming data similarly to the earlier computers.

2.Batch processing of data is seen to be very efficient in retrospect.

3.Scientists have long predicted that computers would one day help speed up the task of translating texts.

4.Magnetic discs were in first-generation computers for the external storage.

5.Solid-state memory resulted in decrease of the internal memory cost and complexity.

6.The internal storage of the second-generation computers represented a slight increase in speed and reduction in bulk over previous storage methods.

7.The modern computers are so fast in their operation that they can handle only a few users simultaneously.

8.The introduction of the integrated circuit in the early 1960s made computers cheaper than anyone in the 1950s could have imagined.

Exercise 3. Translate the questions to these sentences:

1.The Intel 80286 processor introduced the Protected mode into the IA. Який процесор ввів захищений режим в IA?

2.The local descriptor tables allow the operating system to protect application or

user programs from each other.

Що дає можливість операційній системі захищати додаток та користувацькі програми один від одного?

3. Linus Torvalds originally developed Linux as a hobby. Хто розробив Linux?

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Exercise 4. Tag-questions. Choose the correct variant:

1.He can play golf well, …?

(…, doesn’t he? / …, can he? / …, can’t he?)

2.You are the new secretary, …?

(…, aren’t you? / …, are you? / …, don’t you?)

3.Mr. Evans is speaking on the phone, …? (…, is he? / …, isn’t he? / …, doesn’t you?)

4.You like black coffee, …?

(…, aren’t you? / …, don’t you? / …, do you?)

5.I’m busy, …?

(…, aren’t I? / …, don’t I/ …, am not I?)

6.You aren’t well enough. You should stay with either me or your son, …? (…, should you? / …, shouldn’t you? / …, are you?)

7.I’m not ill, …?

(…, are I? / …, am I?)

8.It’s a nice day, …?

(…, does it? / …, is it? / …, isn’t it?)

9.There isn’t a cloud in the sky, …?

(…, is it? / …, does it? / …, is there?) 10.We haven’t got much time, …?

(…, do we? / …, don’t we? / …, haven’t we?) 11.Sam doesn’t work hard, …?

(…, is he? / …, does he? / …, isn’t he?) 12.Oh, there are a lot of photos in the album, …?

(…, aren’t they? / …, aren’t there? / …, are there?) 13.There was nobody there, …?

(…, was there? / …, wasn’t there? / …, were there?) 14. Your son didn’t help you much,…?

(…, did he? / …, had he?)

15.Neither your parents nor mine can lend us some money, …? (…, can they? / …, can’t they? / …, do they?)

Exercise 5. Make questions beginning with the words in bold:

1.Windows 7 can be used on different kinds of personal computers.

Where …?

2.Windows Vista introduced a large number of new features. (Write two questions)

What …?

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What …?

3. The company Microsoft was using a variety of new tracing tools for measuring the performance of the operating system.

What tools …?

4.A tablet personal computer is equipped with a touch screen instead of a keyboard or a mouse.

What … with?

5.A graphic tablet/screen hybrid enables to operate the computer with a stylus or a digital pen, or a fingertip. (Write two questions)

What …?

What … with?

6. A 10-foot Graphical user interface lets users easily read from a display at a distance of 10 feet (approximately 3 m).

What distance … at?

Exercise 6. Make questions beginning with the words in bold:

1.Because of the proliferation of consumer electronic devices universal remote controls are becoming increasingly popular.

Why …?

2.In case of a single channel remote the presence of a carrier signal is used to trigger a function.

When …?

3.Multi-channel remotes demand more sophisticated procedures for realisation of their functions.

What … for?

4.One of such procedures comprises modulating the carrier with signals of different frequency.

What kind of modulating …?

5.After demodulation of the received signal, the appropriate frequency filters separate the respective signals.

When …?

6.The infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, is picked up by sensors on the receiving device.

What … by?

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Exercise 7. Choose the correct pronoun to complete the questions below:

1.A: (What/how) colour is your room?

B:It's blue and white.

2.A: (Where/ why/ which/ what) do you work?

B:I work in a library.

3.A: (Why/ what/ which) way is it to the centre, please?

B:This way - turn right here.

4.A: (Who/ where/ which/ how) are you waiting for?

B:I'm waiting for my brother.

5.A: (How/ why/ where/ what) are you? Do you feel better?

B:No, I'm still ill.

6.A: (Where/ which/ why/ what) don't you want to come to the cinema tonight?

B:Because I saw that film yesterday.

7.A: (How/ what) kind of car do you have?

B:I don't have a car. I prefer cycling.

8.(What/ how/which) kind of films do you like?

B:Dramas and history films are my favourites.

9.A: Tea or coffee - (why/ which/ how) would you like?

10.A: (Which/ what/ how/ who) many children do you have?

B:Two - a girl and a boy.

Exercise 8. Shirt answers:

1.Will you be here next weekend? (No, I won’t/ no. I don’t/ no, I’m not)

2.Have you got any time for me? (Yes, it is/ yes, there is/ yes, I do)

3.Did Julia phone you earlier?

(Yes, she did/ yes, she had/ yes, she has)

4.Would you like a cup of hot tea? (I’d love to/ yes, I am/ yes, I do)

5.Do you like hot tea?

(Yes, I’d like/ yes, please/ yes, I do)

6.It wasn’t a bad day, was it?

(Yes, it wasn’t/ no, it wasn’t/ yes, it was)

7.Are you married?

(Yes, I do/ yes, I am/ yes, I was)

8.Are there a lot of children in your group? (Yes, they are/ yes, they do/ yes, there are)

9.Terry doesn’t eat meet, does he?

(No, he doesn’t/yes, he doesn’t/ no, it doesn’t)

10.Had Jenny rung before she came?

(Yes, she did/ yes, she had/ yes, she rang) 11.Can I give you a lift?

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