Martynyuk_A_N_Diskretnaya_matematika
.pdf
21.2. + $ $;
2 9 n 6 9 8 M
9
. 21.2. A n (
AN = (SN, XN, YN, N, N, {s0N}),
XN = X, SN = (× i=1nSi), {1, n}, YN = Y. z N : 5 8
N: SN× XN>SN (SN× XN) = {snj = (s'nj, x) (SN× XN)| snj = <s1j, snj, … sij, … snj> & s’ij = <s’1j, s’2j, … s’ij, … s’nj> & sij, s’ij Si 6 {1, n}, & sij = (s' j, <fi(y1k, y2k, …yik, …ynk), B(XN)) & yik v s’ij, 6 {1, n}}.
z N * : 5 8
N: SN× XN>YN N(SN× XN) = {y = N(s'nj, XN N(SN× XN)| y YN & XN XN & s'nj = <s'1j, s'2j, …s’ij, …s’nj> & s’ij Si 6 {1, n} & y = g(< '1k, '2k, …y’ik, …y’nk>, XN) & y’ik v s’ij 6 {1, n}}.
z N * : 5 8
N: SN× XN>YN N(SN) = {y = N(s'nj N(SN)| y YN & s'nj =<s'1j, s'2j, …s’ij, …s’nj> & s’ij Si 6 {1, n} & y = g<s'1j, s'2j, …s’ij, …s’nj> = gN(<y’1k, y’2k, …y’ik, … y’nk > & y’ik v s’ij
|
6 |
{1, n}}. |
|
4 &. A ' . f1 = ( )
f2:Y1× Y3>X’2 X’2 = f2(Y1× Y3) f3:Y2>X’3 X’3 = f3(Y2)
g:Y2× Y3>Y Y = g(Y2× Y3)
. 21.3. A '
111
+H . % ,
1.Y $ , 8 '$ ?
2.Y ?
3.S " ?
4.Y & ?
5.S P ( & ( & &
?
% +
+
21.1.A ( 9.E. + b Pb b b. – A.: E, 1971. – N.305-335.
21.2.1 ˜ >. > & $ b( . – A.: & ', 1987. -
N.33-41; 74-82; 118-132.
21.3._ ., 1 " d. _'$ . – A: E, 1990. -N.302-335. 0 &
21.4.d % >.9. + b & " . – A.: >b `.`., 1986. -
N.160-204.
21.5.1 P d., 1 .. N & %. – A.: A, 1976. - N.75-
80.
0 ( '
21.6.A & & & ' ( % & «+ & » & & P P ( 6.0804, 6.0915 / +.A. A$ . – +&: +E43, 2002. –N. 54-57.
21.7.d d.4., N 9.9. N% & & " . –
A.: E, 1973. - N.190-208.
112
# : V. B " A B#
? 22. B " D )
" %
% % ( P ". , & & P, ' % P & & & ( . )
% P , 8 % &$' &$ , '
P .
3 & & :
22.6.P
22.7.1 P
22.8.P
22.1. F- / C
1 4 6 4 : , A + 5
6 9 6, 8 8 5 5 4 - 9 9. D A 8 5 5 4 5 k 6 ,
: 5 k- $.
… 4 9 5 9 :, 6 8 5C 6 (4) x1, x2,..., xn, A 9 5
6, 6 9. ( -9 4
<n< 6 y=f(x1, x2,..., xn) : 8 + 8 9 9 8 (n-6
9, ) 4 <x1, x2,..., xn>, A : 8 + , 9 5
Z={y1, y2,..., yk}.
D A 4 + 5 : 9 9, A ,
+ 5 & &$.
22.2. B + / C
-8 5C 8 5C 9 6 4 6 :
6 8 6 .
>. 1 $ P$ ' & & P, 8 "
& % >={0, 1}, % >={&, }.
? A 8 - , 8 5-D 4 :
1={0, 1} 1={6 8 5, }, 8 5 8 <n< 6
(4) - 9 9 <n<. < 4 5 6 6 8
9 <n< +: 2n . v 6 8 6 <n< 4 +: 22^n (2^n – n) . 3 5- 8 9 8 8 +
( ), 6 2n 8 5 6,
- 6 8 6.
4 &. |
) n=3, % - 23=8, P " - 22^n= 28=256; |
||||||||
%) n=5, % - 25= 32, P " - 232- >45109. |
|
|
|||||||
3 : 6 6 9. |
|
|
|||||||
3 : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
n=1, 8 - 21=2, - 22=4 |
|
|
? 8 22.1 |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
( |
|
Y0 |
Y1 |
|
Y2 |
|
Y3 |
|
|
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
|
0 |
1 |
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
113
Y0 Y3 - - (Y0 - <0<, Y3 - <1<), A + 5
6 8 6 4. z Z1 +: 4. z Z0, Z1, Z3 - 5 . — 5 - Z2, : 5
, :+, 8 y2= x : 5 < 2 +: x<. 3 6 6
n=2, 8 22=4, - 24=16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
? 8 22.2 |
|
1(2 |
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
y6 |
7 |
y8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
|
14 |
15 |
|
|
0 |
|
|
> |
(1 |
T |
(2 |
[ |
|
R |
N |
(2 |
T |
(1 |
> |
/ |
|
1 |
|
00 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
01 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
10 |
|
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
11 |
|
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
0 |
1 |
|
< 6 C 5 9 5 61, 62, 8 6 . B 0=0 -
, 15=1 - , 3=61 5=62, 9
10= 62 12= 61. = C 8 9 5 6 6. v 6 : C + 5 8 4 8.
1. 1 P ’$ ( )
1=61 62, 1=61&62, =61562, =6162, =61 62.
2 + + 5 4 9, A 8
8 4 : 5 8 + 9 <0< <1<, 8 +: 5
6 4 6.
2. 1 P &'$ ( & &)
7=61 62, 7=61+62, 7=61, 62
2 +: , A 6 8 4 +: .
3. 1 P & & & ( )
6 =61[ 62, 6=( 61 62), (61 62)
2 +: 8 9 6 8 6 61 62. 4. 1 P ( )
9 =61N62, 9=61w62, 9=( 61 62), (62 61).
2 +: 8 9 6 8 6 61 62.
5. 1 P ( ( &)
13=61>62 : 5, «A 61, 62 », 13= 61, 62.
2 +: 61, ++ + +:
62 61, ++ , 11=62>61, : 5 «A 62, 61» . 6.1 P (%)
2=(61T62), 2=61 62.
1 C : 2= (61>62), 5
+ 5 , 8 61T62 = x2>x1.
2 +: 5 61 ++ 1 62 ++ 0. M 4, 4=62T61 C +: 5 62 ++
1 x1 ++ 0.
7. 1 P « 4» ( &'$ )
8=61R62, 8= 61 62.
2 : 5 5 6 6 61 62. ( 5 ' 8 : '+, 8 = 7 .
8. 1 P «` ( • PP» ( '$ )
114
14=61/62 14= 61 62.
2 : , A 6 8 61 62 +: +. ( 5 ' 14 : '+, 14= 1.
22.3. F- /$+
v : 8 = 6 ( ), '+=61 62 (8), '+ =61 62 (8).
1 9, 4 + 6 + 5 8 , + 5
P - 8 , ' 4 6 . >
5 $ (8, &$) 6 6 6 6 C
.
4 &. E ( " =(1 (2, & (1= , (2=b5c, & ' = b5c
9 : 8 +. ˜ 6 6
6 9 8 6 6.
4 &. =0, b=0, c=1, (1= = 0=1; (2=b5c=051=0; =(1 (2=1 0=1
2 8 , , + 5 ', A 8 5-6
6 4 8 + 5 . 0 5
': + 5 .
+H . % ,
1.Y &$ $ ( P "?
2.S P k- $?
3.Y & & P?
4.Y ' % $ P$?
5.N ' % ( P " & n ?
6.S ’$ $ &’$ $, $ & &
& &?
7.Y P 4 ` ( • PP?
8.S % &$' % P ?
9.S P '?
% +
+
1.E -.9. 0 & . – N4%.: 4, 2001. - N.79-85.
2.N " >.4. A " . – _.: .(, 1975. -
N.504-522.
3.d % >.9. + b & " . – A.: >b `.`., 1986. - N.47-
50.
0 &
4.S% " N.>. > & &$ . – A.: E, 1979. - N.7-
15.
5.1 P d., 1 .. N & %. – A.: A, 1976. -
N.139-150.
0 ( '
6.A & & & ' ( % & «+ & » & & P P ( 6.0804, 6.0915 / +.A. A$ . – +&: +E43, 2001. – N.24-25.
7.d d.4., N 9.9. N% & & " . –
A.: E, 1973. - N.9-20.
115
? 23. : " ? B " D. # " ? D #
" %
% & % ( P ".
% ", ", P " ' " %, ) & % '
%. E ` & P % % & & P.
3 & & & :
23.1.N % & % ( P "
23.2.4 & P % % & & P
23.1. % G . * , G + ( / C E
= + 5 8 8 6 : 8, , 4 5.
23.1.1. G+-E % G
> 8 : 5 8 ( ).
4 &. .% P & 3-( ( y=f(x1, x2, x3)).
. % 23.1
x1 |
x2 |
x3 |
Y |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
23.1.2. +-E % G
-5
>. 0'$ ' P (0E-) - &'$
( , " ( %$ '$ $ ( ( ( (
', 8 ( & ' & " % '` & .
>. _ '$ ' P (_E-) - '$
( , " S " %$ &'$ $ ( ( ( (
', 8 ( & ' & " % '` & .
4 &. =((1 (2) ((2(3 (4) 0E-, =((1 (2)5((2 (3 (4) _E-, =(15(2 (25 ((35(4) 0E- _E-.
>. o 0E-, 8 $' %$ '$ <?< %,
$' - . o _E-, 8 $' %$ &'$
<?< %, $' - .
4 &. (15(2 - 2- , (25(35(4 - 3- , ((1 (2) –
2- , ((1 (2) ((2 (3 (4) – 3- .
>. S 8 ' &'$ '$ P
& <n< ( ( &), & ( ' %
P, P ' & $ &'$ $ '$ $
'$ P$ (N0EN_E- – ).
A: - + / . ), 2 3, 1 32 /3, 2
/ EM;G. - + / . ), 2 3, 1
32 ), 2 / E5;G.
116
* >2-z + 5 <1<. * >-z + 5
<0<. <1< +: 5 + 5
8 5 6, 6 5, A
, A ++ 5 , 6
, A ++ 5 +. <0< +: 5 5 5
8 5 6, 6 5, A
, A ++ 5 +, 6
, A ++ 5 .
4 &. (1 (2(3 (4=1505150=1, (1 (2 (3 (4= 1 0 0 1=0
>2-z : '+ :+ <1<, 8 f(x1, x2,..., xn), A
:, +: 5 + 5 8 6 5 6, 6
6 8 6 . - C 6 8 6 +: 5 5. >-z : '+ <0<, 8 f(x1, x2,..., xn) +: 5 5
5 8 6 5 6, 6 6 8 + 6 . - C 6 8 6 +: 5 +.
2 8 4 >2-z + 5 '+ +
“1” 6 8 6, 6 : .
2 8 4 >-z + 5 '+ +
<0< 6 8 6, 6 : .
? 8 + 5 4 >2-z >-z.
4 &. .% , N0EN_E- P & 3-( (
. % 23.2
X1 |
X2 |
X3 |
Y |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
=( (1 (2 (3) ( (1(2 (3) ( (1(2(3) ((1 (2 (3) – N0E-,=((1 (2 (3)( (1 (2 (3)( (1 (2 (3)( (1 (2 (3) - N_E-
2 5 8 >2-z >-z 5. M
9 2-z, -z, 6 C 6 6.
23.1.3. A$ -E % G
8 + 8 6 <n< 6 : 9 9 + 2n n-
6 . D A 5 9 C n-
%, 8 5 8 : 5 4 n-
4 4.
3 : 5 n- 8 C, A + 5
<61, 62,..., 6n>, 6 +: +. 9 n 6
: 5 5 , : 5 . .
: + «0», 5 – + «1».
4 &.
# n = 1, ' ` &$ 2, & P - = (
(&. .13.1, );
117
#n = 2, ' ` &$ 4, P &
& & & `, & P – y = x1 x2 x1 x2
(&. .13.1,%);
#n = 3, ' ` &$ 8, P & %
& & `, & P – y = x3 x1 x2 x1 x2.(&.
.13.1, ).
. n 4 4 4 8 : 5.
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a) |
|
|
|
|
x2 |
|
x2 x1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
|
00 |
|
01 |
x1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
) |
|
|
|
|
x2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
x3 x2 x1 |
|
|
|
|
|
010 |
|
011 |
|
|
|
|
110 |
111 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
000 |
|
|
001 |
x1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
) |
|
|
|
100 |
101 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
x3 |
|
|
|
|
|
. 23.1. +& "% ); & " |
); " ) % & |
|||||
|
P " & & & |
&, & ( |
' ( ( |
||||
G |
! +H E23.1.4. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
( 5 4 8 : 5 6 8, |
||||||
|
6 : |
5 |
. |
|
|
|
|
|
4 &. .% ' & N0EN_E- P & ' ( |
||||||
|
( |
|
|
|
|
|
. % 23.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
j |
X1 |
X2 |
|
X3 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
1 |
|
|
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
|
|
2 |
0 |
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
|
|
3 |
0 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
|
4 |
1 |
0 |
|
0 |
1 |
|
|
5 |
1 |
0 |
|
1 |
0 |
|
|
6 |
1 |
1 |
|
0 |
0 |
|
|
7 |
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
= 1 (0, 3, 4, 7) |
N0E-, = 0 (1, 2, 5, 6) |
N_E- |
|
|||
118
23.2. * , /$+ G + +F G * * + /$
D A -8 5 Bj 2-z 5 6 , 5
9 :
Bj=Bj 1=Bj (xi xi)=(Bj xi) (Bj xi).
D A -8 5 Bj -z 5 6 , 5
9 :
Bj=Bj 0=Bj (xi xi)=(Bj xi) (Bj xi).
4 &.
=(1(2 (3=(1(2(3 (1(2 (3 (1(3 (1(3=(1(2(3 (1(2 (3 (1(2(3 (1 (2(3 (1(2(3 (1 (2(3
=((1 (2)(3=(((1 (2) (3 (3)(((3 (1 (1) (2 (2)=((1 (2) (3)5(((1 (2) (3)5((((3 (1)((3 (1) ) (2)5((((3 (1)((3 (1)) (2)=((1 (2 (3)((1 (2
(3)5((3 (1) (2)5(((3 (1) (2)5(((3 (1) (2)5(((3 (1) (2)=((1 (2 (3)((1 (2 (3)((1 (2 (3)( (1(2 (3)5((1 (2 (3)5( (1 (2 (3).
+H . % ,
1.Y % % & % ( P "?
2.Y 0E- _E-, N0E- N_E-?
3.S ?
4.Y “ $ &” “ $ ”?
5.S & " % & % ( P "?
6.Y ' % & % ( P "?
7.S &$ "-% &' 0E- % _E-?
8.Y & P & & P?
% +
+
1.E >.d., N 9.>. 4 & & -
(. 0 & ( (. – _.: 3 %-
& " % b ` %, 1992. - N.116-137.
2.E -.9. 0 & . – N4%.: 4, 2001. - N.88-91.
3.N " >.4. A " . – _.: .(, 1975. -
N.504-522.
0 &
4.S% " N.>. > & &$ . – A.: E, 1979. - N.19-
23.
5.d % >.9. + b & " . – A.: >b `.`., 1986. - N.47-
50.
0 ( '
6.A & & & ' ( % & «+ & » & & P P ( 6.0804, 6.0915 / +.A. A$ . – +&: +E43, 2001. – N.25-27.
7.d d.4., N 9.9. N% & & " . –
A.: E, 1973. - N.20-38.
119
? 24. B " A B#. # U ?. "
" %
% %.
` & ' " " % % { , , }, 8 P , & " ' P % %, & " & " P. ) & % % % % & " ( , & P (
%.
3 & & :
24.1.1 %
24.2.N 8 P
24.3.4 & " ' P % %
24.4.1 %
24.1. B + +F G
-6 9 * 8 z, A + 5 9
z = {B1, B2,..., Bn}, 9 M = (*, z) : 5 %$. * 9 *
: 5 $, $ $. * 9 z : 5 $
", $.
>. 1 $ %$ > = (A, { , , } 0, 1) ' A & % “ ” “ ”, &$ $ $ “ ”
& & ( ' ) “0” “1”, & % &'-
( x1, x2, x3, 8 ' M, % " & &
. |
|
4 + / 0 /? + |
|
1. x1 x2=x2 x1; |
x1 x2=x2 x1; |
$H |
|
2. x1 (x2 x3)=(x1 x2) x3; |
x1 (x2 x3)=(x1 x2) x3; |
C H |
|
3. x1 (x2 x3)=(x1 x2) (x1 x3); |
x1 (x2 x3)=(x1 x2) (x1 x3); |
* G H; |
|
x1 0=0; |
x1 0=x1; |
x1 1=x1; |
x1 1=1; |
0=1; |
1=0; |
+H F C; |
|
4. x1 x1=x1; |
x1 x1=x1; |
*$% H; |
|
5. x1 x1=0; |
x1 x1=1; |
( x)=x; |
|
* % , +' H |
|
6. x1 (x1 x2)=x1; |
x1 (x1 x2)=x1; |
% F+ ,; |
|
7. (x1 x2) (x1 x2)=x1; |
(x1 x2) (x1 x2)=x1; |
B+ E-CH F; |
|
8. x1 ( x1 x2)=x1 x2; |
x1 ( x1 x2)=x1 x2; |
(x1 x3) (x2 x3)= |
(x1 x3) (x2 x3)= |
=(x1 x3) (x2 x3) (x1 x2); =(x1 x3) (x2 x3) (x1 x2);
+ ' ,;
120
