1. Participle і as attribute (non-perfect, active/passive).

• Noun + (non) detached Participial phrase // Tommy, arriving separately, came in… We saw Tommy, arriving separately.

• A single Participle + Noun / living people.

2. Participle і as adverbial modifier (all 4 forms of it).

1. Participle І as adverbial modifier of TIME (all 4 forms of it):

• passive non-perfect denotes priority // Being left alone, they kept silence.

• Perfect P. І denotes a priority //They wrote because they had to, and having written, thought only of…

2. Participle І as adverbial modifier of reason (all 4 forms of it):

• //Hoping to catch the train we took a taxi;

• Combinability with negation //I turned back, not knowing where to go.

3. Participle І as adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (the main meaning of non-perfect P. І)

• //I laughed, and still laughing went away (simultaneous actions). WHEN reading the book he came across lots of new words

4. Participle І as adverbial modifier of manner (non-perfect):

• //He came in carrying a big parcel (characterizes the action of the finite verb).

5. Participle І as adverbial modifier of comparison (as if, as though), concession (though), condition:

• //He, though moving irregularly, was making quite a speed…

3.1. Participle і as predicative (non-perf. P. І active) //The story is amusing.

• Link verbs + non-perf. P. І active // She remained standing.

3.2. Participle і as part of the compound verbal predicate (of double orientation):

• Verbs of sense perception and some causative verbs in the passive voice + non-perf., active P. І //Jane was heard playing the piano.

• Verbs of sense perception and some causative verbs in the passive voice + non-perf., passive P. І //Smth. is heard being whistled.

3.3. Participle і as part of a predicative construction.

PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PARTICIPLE І.

NB. Participial phrase <—> The N.A.P Const.

The subject of the sentence is usu. related both to the predicate verb The subject of the sentence is usu. related only to the predicate V.

and to the P.1. and the nominal element is related to the Participle.

//Having read the novel Jane put it aside. //The novel having been read, Jane put it aside.

Конструкції з participial і. (approach 2)

Об’єктна предикативна конструкція = Complex Object (non-perfect P. І active)	The subjective Participle complex = Суб’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (конструкція)	(Прийменникова) Номінативна абсолютна (незалежна) конструкція (P. І in any form)
I. Особова форма дієслова* + іменник у загальному відмінку (займенник у об’єктному відмінку) + II. P. І (виражає дію, яку виконує інший об’єкт, не з першої частини) *Дієслова чуттєвого сприйняття: to see, hear, feel, watch, notice, perceive, discover, catch, find, look (at), smell, listen to. // I saw her coming out. Дієслова,що виражають причину чи примус: have, get, keep, leave, start, set //Your words set me thinking. Дієслова, що виражають бажання: want, like. Smts. Passive: I could see the books being taken away.	І. Імен. У загальному відм. (особовий займ. У називному відм. + особова форма дієслова* + II. P. І (виражає дію, яку виконує об’єкт зазначений у першій частині) //A plane was heard flying high in the sky. Може вживатися як фраза з Participle І	I. Імен. у загальному відм. (займ. у називному відм.) + II. P. І // імен. у загальному відм. (займ. у називному відм.) + особова ф. дієслова. Як обставина супутніх подій //She looked through the window, her glance travelling towards the bridge. Як обставина причини // The ship`s band did not play in the morning, it being Sunday. Як обставина часу // The work being finished, the two girls went out. I. Імен. у загальному відм. (особовий займ. у об’єктному відм.) + WITH + II. імен. у загальному відм. (займ. у називному відм.) + особова ф. дієслова. Як обставина супутніх подій // He sat with his hands lying on the table. Як обставина супутніх подій + час, причина. // I won`t speak with him staring at me like that.