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Mikhail Gorbachev, born on 2nd March 1931, is a former Soviet statesman. He was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.

The Dalai Lama is a Buddhist leader in Tibet. The name means chief/high priest of oceans. Switzerland is a country in Western Europe. Its capital city is Bern. It is home to many international organisations such as the Red Cross and the International Olympic Committee and it is one of the richest countries in the world.

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Aim To consolidate information in a text

•Explain the task and give Ss some time to complete it.

•Ask various Ss to share their answers with the class and suggest alternative titles.

Answer Key

A - FROM HOMELESS TO HARVARD В - A LIFE WITHOUT CASH

C - CARING FOR THE HUNGRY

Suggested Answer Key

TURNING HER LIFE AROUND

WASTE NOT, WANT NOT

A HELPING HAND

5 a) [ A i m j To learn/consolidate new vocabulary

•Direct Ss' attention to the words in bold in the text and the list of words in the rubric.

•Give Ss time to match them, and then check Ss' answers around the class.

Answer Key

look after: care for turn around: change gave up: stopped doing

moved into: started living in put in: installed

take up: started set up: created hands out: gives

b) A i m To consolidate new vocabulary

•Explain the task.

•Give Ss some time to complete it.

•Check Ss' answers.

Suggested Answer Key

Liz Murray looked after her younger sister.

She managed to turn her life around after a bad start. Mark Boyle gave up his job and decided to live without money.

He moved into a caravan in the countryside and started growing his own food.

He put in solar panels for electricity.

Narayanan Krishnan was about to take up a top job as a

•Explain the task and refer Ss back to the Check these words box.

•Give Ss time to complete it, then check Ss' answers.

Speaking & Writing

7(A 8 m To express a personal opinion on the topic of a text

•Read the rubric aloud and give Ss time to think of their answers and write some sentences giving reasons.

•Ask various Ss to read their sentences to the class.

Suggested Answer Key

I admire Liz the most because she turned her life around. She used to live on the streets, but she had determination and dedication and won a place in a top university. Now Liz spends her time talking to teenagers about drugs and gangs and how to stay away from them. She wants people to know that they can reach their goals even if they have a tough life.

I admire Mark the most because he gave up his job to prove that we don't need money. He lives in an old caravan in the country and eats food he grows himself; he even eats wild berries when he is hungry and washes in a river. Also, he has written a book about his experiences and is going to use the profits to make a community that lives without money.

I admire Narayanan the most because he gave up his job to set up a charity to help starving people. Every day he cooks 400 meals for hungry homeless people in the community and hands them out. He even gives them a haircut and a shave if they want one. Narayanan has shown me that even one man can make a big difference.

Changes in life

Vocabulary

1(A im )To introduce new vocabulary

•Direct Ss' attention to the pictures.

•Play the recording with pauses for Ss to listen and repeat chorally or individually.

•Elicit answers to the questions from Ss around the class.

Suggested Answer Key

I am a teenager.

My teacher is an adult.

My parents are middle-aged. My uncle is an adult.

My neighbours' kids are children/toddlers/infants.

2A i m To present new vocabulary

•Direct Ss' attention to the pictures on p. 88 and go through the list of phrases.

•Explain/Elicit the meanings of any unknown words.

•Ask various Ss around the class to describe the pictures using the new vocabulary.

Suggested Answer Key

The first picture in Ex. I shows a couple with a baby.

The other picture shows a young woman who has just got a degree.

Reading

3 (A im )To introduce the topic and listen and read for gist

•Elicit what, if anything, Ss know about Hindu weddings. Elicit a variety of questions from Ss around the class and write three of them on the board.

•Play the recording. Ss listen and follow the text in their books and see if their questions were answered.

Suggested Answer Key

1 How long do the wedding celebrations last? (3-10 days)

2Do the people dance at Hindu weddings? (Yes, they do.)

3What do the bride and groom wear? (The bride wears a red and gold sari and the groom wears white.)

4(A im IJTo read for key information

•Explain the task and ask Ss to read the questions and possible answers 1-5 and then give them time to read the text again and answer them.

•Check Ss' answers. Ss should justify their answers.

Answer Key

1В (It sounded so exotic and I wanted to see it from myself)

2C (as I admired the architecture of the pink city)

3В (I really enjoyed watching the modern Bollywood dances)

4D (but it was nothing compared to the bride)

5A (Thankfully, this time I didn't seem to embarrass myselfso much)

•Refer Ss to the Check these words box and explain/elicit the meanings of the words or ask Ss to use their dictionaries and look them up.

Suggested Answer Key

leap at the chance (phr): to be quick to take up an opportunity

signify (v): to symbolise steaming hot (phr): extremely hot greet (v): to welcome and meet sb

tradition (n): a custom or belief that has existed for a long time

hustle and bustle (phr): the noisiness and crowdedness of a place

nickname (n): a pet name for sb/sth/an informal name for sb or sth

stick (n): a short piece of wood

last (v): to continue to exist for a certain length of time dye (n): a special liquid that can change the colour of sth prosperity (n): wealth, the quality of being rich

silk (n): a very soft fabric

groom (n): a man about to be married

marching band (n): a group of musicians who play while moving in formation

entrance (n): the act of walking into a building or place stunning (adj): amazing, fantastic

ceremony (n): a ritual or formal event

embarrass oneself (phr): to make yourself feel self­ conscious about your behaviour

fairytale wedding (phr): a magical wedding like in a story e.g. Cinderella

5Aim To consolidate new vocabulary

•Give Ss time to complete the task and check in their dictionaries.

•Elicit answers from Ss around the class.

6[AimJTO consolidate new vocabulary

•Explain the task and give Ss time to complete it.

•Check Ss' answers.

Grammar

7 a) (Aim To practise the to-infinitive & -ing form

•Give Ss a one-minute time limit to think of verbs/phrases using the to-infinitive and the -ing form.

•Check Ss' answers around the class.

b) (AimJTO present all present tense forms of the infinitive and -ing form

•Go through the theory box and explain that we use the present infinitive ([to] dance) with the present simple and future simple tenses, the present continuous infinitive ([to] be dancing) with the present continuous tense, the present perfect infinitive ([to] have danced) with the past simple, present perfect and past perfect tenses and the present perfect continuous infinitive ([to] have been dancing) with the past continuous, the present perfect continuous and the past perfect continuous.

•Explain that we use the present -ing form (dancing) with the present simple and the future simple tenses and we use the perfect

-ing form (having danced) with the present perfect tense.

•Elicit examples of infinitive and -ing forms from the text from Ss around the class.

Answer Key

having greeted, helped me to put, to wear, following him, seemed to be doing, walking, exchanging, seem to embarrass myself, to have m et... have experienced, like being

(AimIJTo practise infinitive & -ing forms

•Explain the task and give Ss time to complete it.

•Check Ss' answers.

Speaking & Writing

9(AimIJTo practise infinitive & -ing forms

•Explain the task and give Ss time to complete the task.

•Check Ss' answers.

Suggested Answer Key

It seems they have just had a baby. They appear to be very happy. New parents tend to be quite emotional. She seems to have got a degree. She appears to be holding her certificate. She appears to feel proud. Graduates tend to feel happy and proud.

10 Aim To consolidate information in a text and compare weddings in your country to Indian weddings

•Explain the task and give Ss a three-minute time limit to complete the task and then tell their partner.

•Monitor the activity around the class and then ask some Ss to report back to the class.

Suggested Answer Key

In my country, the bride wears a white dress. In the Indian wedding, the bride wears a red and gold sari and the groom wears white. In my country, the wedding takes place in one day, but in an Indian wedding the celebrations can last for many days. There is a lot of dancing and traditional food at both an Indian wedding and at a wedding in my country.

Skills

Vocabulary

1 a) [ A im ]lo present vocabulary for appearance

•Direct Ss' attention to the headings and the list of words. Write the headings in a table on the board, and elicit from various Ss which words go under which headings.

•Ask Ss to copy the table into their notebooks.

•Play the recording. Ss listen and check their answers.

Answer Key

b) [ A im To describe people

•Direct Ss' attention to the pictures and give them time to prepare their answers.

•Remind Ss to include special features, height, face, hair, build and age where they can.

•Ask various Ss to describe the people in the pictures for the class.

SuggestedAnswer Key

... in his mid-thirties and he is overweight. He has got short dark hair, brown eyes, a pierced ear and a beard and moustache. He has lots of tattoos on his arms too.

Debbie is in her early forties. She seems to have a slim build and she's probably of medium height. She has got long dark curly hair, big brown eyes, dark skin and a wide mouth. She also wears glasses.

Jenny is young - around ten years old -and slim. She has got long curly red hair, small brown eyes, a wide mouth, and freckles. She has got pierced ears.

Ted is middle-aged. He is probably tall and slim. He is bald, has got brown eyes and a grey beard and moustache. Sandra is in her early twenties. She seems to be of medium height. She has got a round face and long blonde hair. She has got pale skin and blue eyes, too.

2[AimJTO present/practise character adjectives

•Go through the adjectives in the list, and ask Ss to try to complete the task before looking up the meanings of any of the words they are unsure of.

•Check Ss' answers.

Answer Key

з [Aim)To consolidate new vocabulary

Ss, in pairs, use the vocabulary from Exs. 1 and 2 to describe their friends and family members. Monitor the activity around the class and then ask various Ss to describe a person to the class.

SuggestedAnswer Key

A:What does your dad look like?

B:He’s of average height and slim. He has short dark hair and a beard and moustache. He also wears

glasses.

A:What's he like?

B:He's kind, generous and funny.

Listening

(Aim To listen for specific information

•Explain the task and ask Ss to read the sentences 1-5. Explain/Elicit the meanings of any unknown words.

•Play the recording. Ss listen and check the correct box for each statement. Check Ss' answers. You can play the recording again with pauses for Ss to check their answers.

Answer Key

1 T

2T

3F (Young people often compare themselves to celebrities on TV.)

4F (lose some weight or become healthier)

5F (a parent, a teacher or an adult you trust)

Speaking

5 lA i m jTo comment on changes in appearance

•Go through the phrases and the useful language in the box.

•Ss work in pairs using the phrases and the useful language to act out exchanges like the example.

•Monitor the activity around the class and then choose various pairs to act out their exchanges.

SuggestedAnswer Key

A:You look nice. Is something different?

B:Yes. Ijust got new glasses.

odu

A:You look great.

B:Thanks.

A:You look different. What have you changed? В: I got a haircut.

A:It looks great.

B:Thanks.

A:I didn't recognise you! Have you changed something?

B:Yes. I've grown a beard!

A:Of course. It looks nice.

B:Thanks.

A:You look different. What have you changed?

B:I've grown my hair out.

A:Yes! It looks great.

B:Thanks.

Writing

1AimjTo analyse a model essay

•Go through the Writing Tip and explain the structure and content of a for-and-against essay.

•Give Ss time to read the essay, then elicit the arguments for/against the topic, and the examples the writer gives.

Answer Key

Arguments for: can help you become fluent in a foreign language, can learn about another culture

Arguments against: studying abroad is expensive, may have problems adjusting

Examples/Justifications: improve employment prospects, gain knowledge, new friends and experiences, huge debt to repay, may not enjoy it, be unhappy

2[Aim To identify topic sentences

•Refer Ss back to the essay to find the topic sentences and then write these on the board.

•Elicit alternatives from various Ss, and complete the task as a class.

Answer Key

Without a doubt, there are some advantages to studying abroad.

On the other hand, there are a number of disadvantages to studying abroad.

Suggested Answer Key

There are certainly some benefits to studying abroad. Nevertheless, there are also a number of arguments against studying abroad.

3 A i m To identify functions of linkers and suggest alternatives

•Explain the task and ask Ss to identify the functions of the highlighted linkers in the model essay.

•Check Ss' answers, and then elicit alternatives from various Ss.

•Refer Ss back to the Writing Tip if necessary.

Answer Key

introduce an opinion: In my opinion show contrast: On the other hand

list/add points: Firstly, Secondly, To begin with, In addition conclude: All in all

Suggested Answer Key

introduce an opinion: I believe show contrast: However

list/add points: To start with, Also, In the first place, Moreover

conclude: In conclusion

4 a) A i m To listen for specific information

•Explain the task and ask Ss to copy the table into their notebooks.

•Play the recording. Ss listen and make notes under the headings.

•Check Ss' answers, then elicit which arguments are advantages and which are disadvantages.

Answer Key

IS IT A GOOD IDEA TO GO ON AN EXTREME DIET? Arguments: see results quickly (advantage), they encourage self-control (advantage), hard to follow (disadvantage), extreme restrictions (disadvantage) Examples/Justifications: keeps you motivated, have to stay focused, you give up quickly, don't get the nutrients you need to stay healthy

b) [ A i m To write a for-and-against essay

•Explain the task and tell Ss to use the Writing Tip, the plan and their answers in Ex. 4a to help them. Write on the board the phrases/sentences in the Useful Language box. Ask Ss to copy them in their notebooks and use them when they write their essays. Refer Ss to Writing Bank 5 for more details.

Useful language for writing for-and-against essays

Stating the topic

These days (more and more).... Should ...? Is there a reason to ...?

Introducing advantages/disadvantages

(Without a doubt) there are a number of advantages

t o ....

Although ..., it has certain advantages ....

However, there are some disadvantages to ....

However, ... has its disadvantages.

Concluding

All in аНЯо sum up, there are points for and against

.../there are both positive and negative aspects to ....

•Give Ss time to write their essays or assign as HW. Check Ss' answers.

Suggested Answer Key

Is it a good idea to go on an extreme diet?

These days, more and more people are trying extreme diets to lose weight quickly. Some people think these diets are great, but others think they are not good for you.

Without a doubt, there are some advantages to these diets. Firstly, you can see results really quickly and this can keep you motivated to lose more weight. Secondly, they encourage self-control, because you have to stay focused for the diet to work.

On the other hand, there are some disadvantages to these diets. To begin with, they can be difficult to follow, so you may give up easily and put weight back on quickly. Also, there are many restrictions. This means, you may not get enough nutrients to stay healthy.

All in all, there are both advantages and disadvantages to extreme diets. In my opinion, anyone who wants to lose weight should think about it very carefully and make sure they see a doctor before starting a diet.

Curricular: S c ie n c e

read for gist

•Read the headings in the text aloud and elicit whether any Ss know what causes these reflex actions to happen.

•Play the recording. Ss listen and follow the text in their books to find out.

Answer Key

We yawn when we are tired to get more oxygen into the blood. We cough to clear our airways of irritation. We blush when the body releases adrenalin, which increases the blood flow. It usually happens when we are embarrassed. We hiccup when something irritates the diaphragm muscle. We sneeze when something irritates the inside of our nose. We snore when we are asleep and air can't move through our mouth and nose freely.

2AimjTo read for specific information

•Ask Ss to read the sentences, and then give them time to read the text again and complete the task.

•Check Ss' answers. Ss should justify their answers.

•Refer Ss to the Check these words box and explain/elicit the meanings of the words or ask Ss to use their dictionaries and look them up.

Suggested Answer Key

stretch (v): to extend as far as possible to relieve tightness muscle (n): tissue that connects bones and allows them to move

lung (n): one of two organs inside the body that allow you to breathe

increase (v): to become greater in amount

airways (n): passages that allow air to enter the body and reach the lungs

throat (n): the part of the body from the back of the mouth to the bottom of the neck

vocal cords (n): body parts in the throat that vibrate when we speak

release (v): to let go

adrenalin (n): substance created in the body when a person is excited, scared or angry

flow (n): continuous smooth movement jerky (adj): sudden, quick (movements)

voice box (n): the part of the throat that contains the vocal cords

dust (n): very small pieces of dirt

pollen (n): very fine powder produced by flowers virus (n): a kind of germ that causes disease irritate (v): to annoy

brain (n): organ inside your head that controls movements and feelings

vibrate (v): to shake with repeated small movements allergy (n): condition that causes a rash or illness due to contact with sth that does not normally make people ill

AimjTo learn/consolidate new vocabulary

•Direct Ss' attention to the highlighted words in the text and the list of words in the rubric.

•Give Ss time to match them, and then check Ss' answers around the class.

contagious: infectious

self-conscious: uncomfortable around others become aware: know about

jerky: sudden and fast irritates: bothers vibrate: shake

4(Aim To consolidate information in a text

•Ss work in pairs, and tell their partners something they remember about each reflex action in the text.

•Monitor the activity and then elicit answers from various Ss.

Suggested Answer Key

Yawning increases the heart rate.

We close our vocal cords when we cough. Babies don't blush.

The muscle below our lungs is the diaphragm. We hiccup when something irritates it.

— в

A sneeze can be up to 160 kmph. 45% of men snore regularly.

5Aim To give a presentation on reflex actions

•Ask Ss to work in small groups and collect information from the Internet, school textbooks, encyclopaedias or other reference sources about the reflex actions in the text.

•Allow time for Ss to collect their interesting facts and present them to the class. Alternatively, assign the task as HW.

Suggested Answer Key

Olympic athletes try to yawn before they compete! Just thinking about yawning can make you yawn, but no one can explain why!

In Poland they use chopped onion and honey as a cough remedy.

People with fair skin seem to blush more often than people with dark skin because the colour of blood shows more easily through pale skin.

Most cases of hiccups last a few minutes. If you have persistent hiccups you may have an underlying health problem. Some people say you can cure hiccups by breathing into a paper bag or drinking water from the wrong side of the glass.

When you sneeze, you even use the muscles in your eyelids, because your eyes always close when you sneeze! As you get older, you may snore more, because the muscles and tissue in your throat area become weaker.

Language in Use

1(Aim)To present and practise phrasal verbs

•Go through the list of phrasal verbs and their definitions. Elicit an example for each one from various Ss around the class, using their dictionaries to help them if necessary.

•Give Ss time to complete the task, and then check Ss' answers.

2 (Aim)To practise prepositional phrases

Explain the task, give Ss time to complete it, and then check Ss' answers.

3(Aim)To form negative adjectives

•Read the theory box and the examples aloud, and then explain the task.

•Give Ss time to complete the task, and then check Ss' answers.

4 [AimJTO revise vocabulary from the module and practise collocations

Give Ss time to complete the task, and then check Ss' answers.

Л

(А1т)то consolidate vocabulary from the module

•Divide the class into two teams. Each team takes turns writing or saying a sentence with one of these words/phrases: life event, annoying habits, social etiquette, in public, dedication, homeless, get lost, be on time, bad table manners, sneeze, pierced ears.

•Each correct sentence earns one point. If the sentence is incorrect the team loses a point. The team with the most points after all the words/phrases have been used wins.

Suggested Answer Key

Getting married is an important life event. Everyone has some annoying habits.

Different countries have different rules about social etiquette.

You should behave nicely in public.

It takes a lot o f dedication to achieve your goals. Narayanan Krishnan runs a charity that helps the homeless.

It helps to speak the local language if you get lost in a foreign city.

It is polite to be on time for appointments in UK Nobody likes bad table manners.

When you sneeze air comes out of your body at 160

Quiz

Answer Key

1 F (They usually do.)

2T

3F (It's the pink city.)

4T

5T

6F (You should usually tip around 10%.)

7T

8T

Ss prepare their quizzes in groups. Ask Ss to go through the pages of the module and select information to compile their quizzes. Ask Ss to exchange their quizzes and do them. Check Ss' answers.

SuggestedAnswer Key

Quiz

1 Mexicans are often late for appointments. (T)

2You should call Brits by their first name as soon as you meet them. (F - You should wait to be asked to do that.)

3Brits like you to stand close to them. (F - They like people to keep a distance of around 0.5 m.)

4It's okay to ask a Briton how much they earn. (F - It's rude.)

5Mark Boyle lives without money. (T)

6Liz Murray helps the homeless. (F - She helps teenagers.)

7Overweight people often snore. (T)

8You can get hiccups if you eat too much. (T)

Skills

Reading

1(Aim ITO read for key information

•Read the rubric aloud and ask Ss to underline the key words in the questions which give clues about what Ss may read in the text.

•Give Ss time to read the text and complete the task and then ask them to check their answers with their partner. Check Ss' answers. Ss should justify their answers.

Answer Key

7 D (lt was Mika's competitive spirit that made her change gears)

2C(l don't get any special treatment because I am a woman)

3В (How important an education is to people of all ages)

4A (She doesn't have time for a social life)

5C (whole text)

Modu

Listening

2( A im )To listen for specific information

•Read the rubric aloud and ask Ss to read the statements 1-5.

•Play the recording. Ss listen and complete the task

•Check Ss' answers and ask them to give justifications.

Answer Key

1 F (taken to my new home before I was a year old)

2F (I had everything a child could dream of)

3T (childless family)

4T (Jim was reading an online post in a Yahoo group)

5F (lives next door)

Speaking

3A i m To describe a picture

•Ask various Ss around the class to describe the picture.

•Then elicit answers to the questions from various Ss around the class.

Suggested Answer Key

In the picture I can see a young woman in a graduation gown and cap about to be hugged by an older woman. The girl is smiling and she is holding a certificate. The older woman is wearing a white jacket and she seems to be smiling too. They are outdoors and I think the young girl has graduated from university and the older woman is her mother.

1I think the mother feels proud and happy.

2I think higher education is necessary ifyou want to have a profession rather than just a job. I also think going to

university teaches you life skills as well as study skills and prepares you more for an independent life.

3I am planning to study Architecture because I want to be an architect and design buildings for a living.

4 Aim To prepare for a writing task and to write a for-and-against essay

•Read the rubric aloud.

•Play the recording. Ss listen and make notes from the tapescript.

•Give Ss time to write their essay using their notes.

•Check Ss' answers.

SuggestedAnswer Key

Pros: you can experience a different culture this will broaden your worldview and make you more tolerant of other cultures, you can improve your language skills, this may help your employment prospects

Cons: far away from home, may get homesick and studies may suffer, different culture may be difficult to adjust to you may not be able to concentrate on your studies

The Pros and Cons o f Studying Abroad

These days, many people choose to study abroad. Some people think this is a good idea, while others think it is unnecessary and expensive.

Certainly, there are some advantages to studying abroad. Firstly, living in a foreign country means you will get to know a different culture. This experience will broaden your worldview and make you more tolerant of other cultures. Secondly, studying abroad will improve your language skills. This is a valuable skill and may help your employment prospects on graduation.

On the other hand, there are a number of disadvantages to studying abroad. To start with, being far away from home may make you homesick and your studies may suffer. Furthermore, adjusting to a foreign culture may be so difficult that you are unable to concentrate on your studies.

All in all, there are both advantages and disadvantages to studying abroad. In my opinion, students should think carefully about how well they will adjust to living in another country before they decide to do it.

AimijTo practise word formation

•Explain the task and give Ss time to complete it.

•Check Ss' answers around the class. Point out that correct spelling is required.

Grammar

[ A i m To practise grammar forms in text completion

•Explain the task and give Ss time to complete the gaps with the correct grammar form.

•Check Ss' answers on the board.

Russia

Reading & Listening

[Aim To predict the content of a text and listen and read for gist

•Draw Ss' attention to the pictures and title.

•Elicit what Ss know about Ivan Kupala Day.

•Play the recording. Ss listen and follow the text in their books.

Suggested Answer Key

Ivan Kupala Day takes place in the middle of summer. It is a celebration of the sun with lots of fun things to do.

2(AimJTO read for specific information

•Explain the task and ask Ss to reread the text.

•Allow Ss time to complete the task.

•Elicit answers from around the class.

•Refer Ss to the Check these words box and explain/ elicit the meanings of the words or ask Ss to use their dictionaries and look them up.

Suggested Answer Key

ancient (adj): having been around for a long time, very old

summer solstice (n): the day of the year having the longest hours of daylight

rite (n): a ceremony or custom observed within a society ceremony (n): a formal ritual or act often to observe an event

wander (v): to walk around without a particular destination fern flower (n): a magical flower in Slavic mythology that brings luck and wealth to whoever finds it

bloom (v): to produce flowers (of a tree or plant) blossom (v): to open (of flowers), come into flower prosperity (n): condition of being wealthy, having good fortune

bonfire (n): a large outdoor fire that is lit for a celebration spirt (n): a ghost

з[Aim)To learn/consolidate new vocabulary

•Direct Ss' attention to the highlighted words in the text and the words/phrases 1-6 in the book.

•Give Ss time to match them, and then check Ss' answers around the class.

Answer Key

1 walk around: wander

2wealth: prosperity

3need, rely on: depend

4arrive at a point: reaches

5have a relationship to: connected

6have great respect for: honour

Speaking & Writing

4lAim iTo consolidate information in a text

•Ss work in pairs and tell their partners three things they like about Ivan Kupala Day and why.

•Monitor the activity and then elicit answers from various Ss.