24. Read and translate the text: Marketing

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer’s dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centers has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.

25. Answer the question:

1. What does marketing mean?

2. What activities does marketing consist of?

3. What do marketing operations include?

4. Why is it so important for the producer to predict the trends?

5. How was mass consumption possible in the USA?

26. Speak about marketing.

27. Fill in the gaps. Use Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1. I __________ English since 1991. (to study)

2. We __________ English at school. (to study)

3. From 1991 to 1992 Jim ______________ as a customs officer. (to work)

4. He ___________ three hours ago and ________ yet. (to go out, to return)

5. When he was a sales representative, he _________ twelve hours a day. (to work)

6. I _____________ very busy all this week. (to be)

7. How many pages __________ you ___________ ? (to read)

8. How much _________ you _________ at your last job? (to get)

9. Where _________ all the managers _________? (to go)

10. I _________ home at 5 o’clock yesterday. (to go)

11. Last summer Jim and Jane ______________ to the conference in New-York together. (to travel)

12. He __________ his work yet and is not ready to go with us. (not to finish)

28. Use the words from the list to fill in the gaps.

After since many

Long before never

Of by yet

Already this morning ever

1. Have you discussed the terms of delivery __________?

2. They’ve __________ discussed the terms of payment.

3. I’ve _________ been to Kiev.

4. I haven’t seen the Director _________.

5. Have you __________ been to Moscow?

6. I’ll have finished my work _________ 6 o’clock.

7. Jane had completed the report _______ you left.

8. How _________ have you been here?

9. We have received your letter ________ 18^thNovember.

10. I have known Jane __________ 1961.

11. How _________ orders have you received this month?

12. _________ they had finished their work, they went home.