Text b.

1 The trunk is the central part of the body. 2The head and the neck extend above the trunk and are continuous with it. 3The upper limbs are joined on either side of the trunk and the lower limbs extend downwards from it. 4The outer tissues of the trunk form the body wall.

5The trunk consists of two main cavities – the thorax and the abdomen. 6It is the diaphragm that separates the thorax and the abdomen. 7The thorax lies above the diaphragm and the abdomen is located below it.

8The thoracic cavity is surrounded at the sides and front by the ribs, the breastbone (the sternum), and the intercostal muscles. 9The main internal organs – the heart and the lungs are located in the thorax.

10The abdomen is the largest cavity in the body. 11It consists of two parts: the abdominal cavity proper and the pelvic cavity. 12The organs of digestion are the main internal organs of the abdomen.

13The pelvic cavity, or pelvis, lies below the abdominal cavity and is continuous with it. 14The contents of the pelvis are the urinary bladder, the lower part of the large intestine, the rectum, and some of the reproductive organs.

Ex. 17. Read the sentences and answer the question:

What is it?

1. The part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm. It contains the lungs, the heart, the major blood vessels and the esophagus.

2. The part of the body below the chest from which it is separated by the diaphragm. It contains the stomach, the liver, the kidneys, the bladder, the intestines and etc.

3. A thin dome - shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and the abdominal cavities.

4. It consists of two parts - the chest and the abdomen.

Home work.

Ex. 18. Match the names of the diseases under B to explain the terms under A.

A. Bronchitis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, nephritis, stomatitis, arthritis, duodenitis,

otitis, hepatitis, carditis, tonsilitis.

B. Inflammation of the appendix, inflammation of the joints, inflammation of the bronchi, inflammation of the heart, inflammation of the liver, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the ear, inflammation of the mouth, inflammation of the tonsils, inflammation of the gallbladder, inflammation of the duodenum.

Ex. 19. Complete the sentences using the prepositions. Use as many variants as possible. Translate the sentences.

1. The heart is ….. the diaphragm.

2. The lungs are located….. either side of the heart.

3. The esophagus runs …… the stomach.

4. The liver is located …..the diaphragm.

5. The stomach is found … the abdominal cavity.

6. The left lung is situated ….. the heart.

7. The head and the neck are ….. the trunk.

8. The thorax is ….. the heart and the lungs.

9. The upper limbs are located …..either side of the trunk

Ex.20. a) Read text B again. b) Write the following sentences in your notebook and complete them after reading text B. Confirm by the text.

1. It in sentence 2 refers to…..

2. It in sentence 3 refers to…..

3. It in sentence 7 refers to…..

4. It in sentence 11 refers to…..

5. It in sentence 13 refers to…..

Ex. 21. Complete the sentences:

1. The trunk contains two main cavities:

1. …………

2. . ………

2. The main organs in the thorax are:

1. …………

2. …………

3. The abdomen consists of two parts:

1. ……….

2. ……….

4. The contents of the pelvis are:

1. ……….

2. ……….

3. ……….

4. ……….

3.

Class work.

Ex. 22. Memorize the locative prefixes.

The following are some common locative prefixes:

extra- outside sub- below

intra- inside infra- below

inter- between supra- above

para- beside retro- behind

peri- around bi- two

Ex. 23. Explain the medical terms.

1. subcostal below the ribs

2. intracellular ……………..

3. intramuscular .……………

4. retropharyngeal …………….

5. subcutaneous ……………..

6. intravenous ……………..

7. perirenal . ……………

8. bisexual ……………..

Ex. 24. Read and translate the noun+noun combinations given below:

1. Growth hormone, growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone deficiency study

2. Pancreas preparation, rat pancreas preparation, rat pancreas preparation test

3. Blood pressure, blood pressure fall

4. Prescription medicines

5. 3 week treatment, 3 week penicillin treatment

6. Weather changes

7. Home and class work

Ex. 25. a). a) Look through text C and find, read and translate the Noun + Noun combinations.

b). Look through text C again and say: What statement is true ( T ), false ( F ) or no information ( () ).

1. The eyes move even when a man looks at one and the same spot (точка).

2. The small intestine is located in the lower and central portion of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

3. A human being stops growing at the age of 17.

4. The female brain is heavier than that of the male.

5. The amount of blood in a human organism is not constant

6. The weight of the lungs is less than that of the heart.

7. The heart is the main organ of the body.

Text C. Human body structure strikes imagination ( поражать воображение ) with facts and figures A human being is quite a unique creature. 1. The length of all blood vessels in a human body reaches about 100,000 kilometers. Tiniest (мельчайшие) vessels – capillaries – are not more than four micrometers in diameter. The blood amount in a human organism is not constant, although it does not exceed (превосходить) seven or ten liters. 2. A human being stops growing as he or she turns 24 years of age. The growth of a young individual slows down a little at night time, but returns to the normal speed in the daytime. 3. The brain of an adult male weighs 1375 grams, whereas the female brain weighs 1275 grams. The brain weight does not affect intellectual capacities of a person. Only four percent of brain cells work; the rest of them are kept in reserve. About a thousand of neurons die every hour. The speed of a nerve impulse on the reflex arch can reach 120 meters a second. 4. Mixed food usually stays in the stomach of an adult person for about six hours. The stomach usually produces about 1.5 liters of digestive juices on daily basis. 5. An eye is capable of distinguishing 130-250 pure color tones and up to ten million of mixed shades. An eye cannot perceive (сохранять) a motionless image: eyes move even when an individual looks at one and the same spot (место). 6. The total square of the respiratory surface of two adult lungs is more than 90 square meters. Ex. 26. Translate text D at sight. Text D. The talk between the parts of the human body. Once there was a talk between the parts of the Human Body. We, - said the Eyes are the main organs. With us man can see. Nothing of the kind! We are more important! – cried out the Ears. With us man can listen to music, he can hear speech. How can you think so! – exclaimed the Hands.- What can he do without us? We hold different things, we carry his bag. Man can do everything with us. You are all wrong – said the Legs. – We are the main organ. We walk and dance, we run and jump. Can you all do that? There was a silence after which the Heart said: There are blind (слепой) men who can’t see; there are deaf (глухой) men who can’t hear and even men who have no hands to hold things with. But there is no man without Heart. Home work Ex. 27. Explain the medical terms. Match the word combinations in B with the medical terms in A. A. Perirenal, , intracellular, bisexual , intravenous, subcostal, subcutaneous, intermuscular, retropharyngeal B. Below the ribs, inside the cell, between the muscles, behind the pharynx, under the skin, inside the veins, around the kidney, two sexes. Ex. 28. Analyze the functions of It. Translate the sentences. It is the correct first aid that saves many lives. Water is very important for all living things. The maximum time that a person can live without it is about 7-10 days. It is difficult to swallow when you have a sore throat. It is known that pain in gastric ulcer occurs immediately or soon after meals. It was professor Filatov who began to transplant corneas from corpse. It is necessary that the child always sleep along. It is important to understand the growing organism must sleep enough for maintaining health. Ex. 29. Translate the sentences with a dictionary. Pay attention to Noun +Noun Combinations. The boys have first degree burns. They are in the two bed ward. She suffers from high blood pressure. The patient has growth hormone deficiency. After heart transplantation the patient felt better. Little children have a low defense reaction. Medical students must know how to give the first aid treatment. His knife wound was very severe. Ex. 30. a) Read and translate text C again. 4. Class work.

Ex. 31. Analyze the functions of It. Translate the sentences.

1. Each time when the pain occurs during walking, it appears at the same time.

2. It is a simple physiotherapy that restored the normal breathing in 76% of patients.

3. It is an antibiotic that reduced the healing time of these septic lesions.

4. It is known that heart sounds help to make the diagnosis.

5. It was not until 1865 when Joseph Lister first used carbolic acid in surgery.

6. It is reaction to stress which resulted in a bad headache.

Ex. 32. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to some, any, no and their derivatives; few, a few, little, a little.

1. Some tests gave the same results.

2. Something happened to the patient at home, but nobody could help him.

3. Any disease may be dangerous to life if you don’t treat it from the very beginning.

4. Is there any change for the better in the course of the disease?

5. Don’t take any drug without doctor’s prescription.

6. No reason for this reaction with aspirin is clear.

7. No cases of diphtheria occurred in our town last year.

8. Nothing troubles the patient today and he complains of nothing.

9. You may mix the granules with one teaspoon of milk but not with any other liquids.

10. Is there anything important in the laboratory findings?

11. Something dangerous happened with the patient after the operation.

12. A few patients had the same symptoms.

13. Few students get an increased stipend in our group.

14. There are a few students in our group who get an increased stipend.

Ex. 33. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the meanings of as:

1. She works in the polyclinic as a nurse.

2. He studies at the medical faculty as he wants to become a doctor.

3. Any man or woman notices some changes in the body shape as he or she ages.

4. As aging we become shorter.

5. In the human being the size of the heart is as large as his or her fist (кулак).

6. As for me I visit the dentist twice a year.

Ex. 34. Memorize the words

• To age - стареть

• inevitably - необратимо

• to occur = to appear – возникать, появляться

• occurrence = appearance – возникновение, появление

• to distribute – распределять, distribution - распределение

• dense - плотный

• to reduce = to decrease = to decline = to drop = to fall – снижаться, уменьшаться

• a drop = a decrease = a loss – снижение, потеря

• to gain = to increase = to grow = to lift– приобретать, увеличиваться

• an increase – повышение, увеличение

• fast - быстрый

• to result in = to cause = to lead to –приводить к, вызывать

• to result from – быть следствием чего-то

• to be related with = to be connected with – быть связанным с

• to vary = to change – меняться