- •Preface
- •List of contributers
- •History, epidemiology, prevention and education
- •A history of burn care
- •“Black sheep in surgical wards”
- •Toxaemia, plasmarrhea, or infection?
- •The Guinea Pig Club
- •Burns and sulfa drugs at Pearl Harbor
- •Shock and resuscitation
- •Wound care and infection
- •Burn surgery
- •Inhalation injury and pulmonary care
- •Nutrition and the “Universal Trauma Model”
- •Burn center concept
- •Rehabilitation
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Epidemiology and prevention of burns throughout the world
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •The inequitable distribution of burns
- •Cost by age
- •Cost by mechanism
- •Limitations of data
- •Risk factors
- •Socioeconomic factors
- •Race and ethnicity
- •Age-related factors: children
- •Age-related factors: the elderly
- •Regional factors
- •Gender-related factors
- •Intent
- •Comorbidity
- •Agents
- •Non-electric domestic appliances
- •War, mass casualties, and terrorism
- •Interventions
- •Smoke detectors
- •Residential sprinklers
- •Hot water temperature regulation
- •Lamps and stoves
- •Fireworks legislation
- •Fire-safe cigarettes
- •Children’s sleepwear
- •Acid assaults
- •Burn care systems
- •Role of the World Health Organization
- •Conclusions and recommendations
- •Surveillance
- •Smoke alarms
- •Gender inequality
- •Community surveys
- •Acknowledgements
- •References
- •Prevention of burn injuries
- •Introduction
- •Burns prevalence and relevance
- •Burn injury risk factors
- •WHERE?
- •Burn prevention types
- •Burn prevention: The basics to design a plan
- •Flame burns
- •Prevention of scald burns
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Burns associated with wars and disasters
- •Introduction
- •Wartime burns
- •Epidemiology of burns sustained during combat operations
- •Fluid resuscitation and initial burn care in theater
- •Evacuation of thermally-injured combat casualties
- •Care of host-nation burn patients
- •Disaster-related burns
- •Epidemiology
- •Treatment of disaster-related burns
- •The American Burn Association (ABA) disaster management plan
- •Summary
- •References
- •Education in burns
- •Introduction
- •Surgical education
- •Background
- •Simulation
- •Education in the internet era
- •Rotations as courses
- •Mentorship
- •Peer mentorship
- •Hierarchical mentorship
- •What is a mentor
- •Implementation
- •Interprofessional education
- •What is interprofessional education
- •Approaches to interprofessional education
- •References
- •European practice guidelines for burn care: Minimum level of burn care provision in Europe
- •Foreword
- •Background
- •Introduction
- •Burn injury and burn care in general
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Pre-hospital and initial management of burns
- •Introduction
- •Modern care
- •Early management
- •At the accident
- •At a local hospital – stabilization prior to transport to the Burn Center
- •Transportation
- •References
- •Medical documentation of burn injuries
- •Introduction
- •Medical documentation of burn injuries
- •Contents of an up-to-date burns registry
- •Shortcomings in existing documentation systems designs
- •Burn depth
- •Burn depth as a dynamic process
- •Non-clinical methods to classify burn depth
- •Burn extent
- •Basic principles of determining the burn extent
- •Methods to determine burn extent
- •Computer aided three-dimensional documentation systems
- •Methods used by BurnCase 3D
- •Creating a comparable international database
- •Results
- •Conclusion
- •Financing and accomplishment
- •References
- •Pathophysiology of burn injury
- •Introduction
- •Local changes
- •Burn depth
- •Burn size
- •Systemic changes
- •Hypovolemia and rapid edema formation
- •Altered cellular membranes and cellular edema
- •Mediators of burn injury
- •Hemodynamic consequences of acute burns
- •Hypermetabolic response to burn injury
- •Glucose metabolism
- •Myocardial dysfunction
- •Effects on the renal system
- •Effects on the gastrointestinal system
- •Effects on the immune system
- •Summary and conclusion
- •References
- •Anesthesia for patients with acute burn injuries
- •Introduction
- •Preoperative evaluation
- •Monitors
- •Pharmacology
- •Postoperative care
- •References
- •Diagnosis and management of inhalation injury
- •Introduction
- •Effects of inhaled gases
- •Carbon monoxide
- •Cyanide toxicity
- •Upper airway injury
- •Lower airway injury
- •Diagnosis
- •Resuscitation after inhalation injury
- •Other treatment issues
- •Prognosis
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Respiratory management
- •Airway management
- •(a) Endotracheal intubation
- •(b) Elective tracheostomy
- •Chest escharotomy
- •Conventional mechanical ventilation
- •Introduction
- •Pathophysiological principles
- •Low tidal volume and limited plateau pressure approaches
- •Permissive hypercapnia
- •The open-lung approach
- •PEEP
- •Lung recruitment maneuvers
- •Unconventional mechanical ventilation strategies
- •High-frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV)
- •High-frequency oscillatory ventilation
- •Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)
- •Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)
- •(a) Prevention
- •(b) Treatment
- •References
- •Organ responses and organ support
- •Introduction
- •Burn shock and resuscitation
- •Post-burn hypermetabolism
- •Individual organ systems
- •Central nervous system
- •Peripheral nervous system
- •Pulmonary
- •Cardiovascular
- •Renal
- •Gastrointestinal tract
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Critical care of thermally injured patient
- •Introduction
- •Oxidative stress control strategies
- •Fluid and cardiovascular management beyond 24 hours
- •Other organ function/dysfunction and support
- •The nervous system
- •Respiratory system and inhalation injury
- •Renal failure and renal replacement therapy
- •Gastro-intestinal system
- •Glucose control
- •Endocrine changes
- •Stress response (Fig. 2)
- •Low T3 syndrome
- •Gonadal depression
- •Thermal regulation
- •Metabolic modulation
- •Propranolol
- •Oxandrolone
- •Recombinant human growth hormone
- •Insulin
- •Electrolyte disorders
- •Sodium
- •Chloride
- •Calcium, phosphate and magnesium
- •Calcium
- •Bone demineralization and osteoporosis
- •Micronutrients and antioxidants
- •Thrombosis prophylaxis
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Treatment of infection in burns
- •Introduction
- •Clinical management strategies
- •Pathophysiology of the burn wound
- •Burn wound infection
- •Cellulitis
- •Impetigo
- •Catheter related infections
- •Urinary tract infection
- •Tracheobronchitis
- •Pneumonia
- •Sepsis in the burn patient
- •The microbiology of burn wound infection
- •Sources of organisms
- •Gram-positive organisms
- •Gram-negative organisms
- •Infection control
- •Pharmacological considerations in the treatment of burn infections
- •Topical antimicrobial treatment
- •Systemic antimicrobial treatment (Table 3)
- •Gram-positive bacterial infections
- •Enterococcal bacterial infections
- •Gram-negative bacterial infections
- •Treatment of yeast and fungal infections
- •The Polyenes (Amphotericin B)
- •Azole antifungals
- •Echinocandin antifungals
- •Nucleoside analog antifungal (Flucytosine)
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Acute treatment of severely burned pediatric patients
- •Introduction
- •Initial management of the burned child
- •Fluid resuscitation
- •Sepsis
- •Inhalation injury
- •Burn wound excision
- •Burn wound coverage
- •Metabolic response and nutritional support
- •Modulation of the hormonal and endocrine response
- •Recombinant human growth hormone
- •Insulin-like growth factor
- •Oxandrolone
- •Propranolol
- •Glucose control
- •Insulin
- •Metformin
- •Novel therapeutic options
- •Long-term responses
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Adult burn management
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology and aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Assessment of the burn wound
- •Depth of burn
- •Size of the burn
- •Initial management of the burn wound
- •First aid
- •Burn blisters
- •Escharotomy
- •General care of the adult burn patient
- •Biological/Semi biological dressings
- •Topical antimicrobials
- •Biological dressings
- •Other dressings
- •Exposure
- •Deep partial thickness wound
- •Total wound excision
- •Serial wound excision and conservative management
- •Full thickness burns
- •Excision and autografting
- •Topical antimicrobials
- •Large full thickness burns
- •Serial excision
- •Mixed depth burn
- •Donor sites
- •Techniques of wound excision
- •Blood loss
- •Antibiotics
- •Anatomical considerations
- •Skin replacement
- •Autograft
- •Allograft
- •Other skin replacements
- •Cultured skin substitutes
- •Skin graft take
- •Rehabilitation and outcome
- •Future care
- •References
- •Burns in older adults
- •Introduction
- •Burn injury epidemiology
- •Pathophysiologic changes and implications for burn therapy
- •Aging
- •Comorbidities
- •Acute management challenges
- •Fluid resuscitation
- •Burn excision
- •Pain and sedation
- •End of life decisions
- •Summary of key points and recommendations
- •References
- •Acute management of facial burns
- •Introduction
- •Anatomy and pathophysiology
- •Management
- •General approach
- •Airway management
- •Facial burn wound management
- •Initial wound care
- •Topical agents
- •Biological dressings
- •Surgical burn wound excision of the face
- •Wound closure
- •Special areas and adjacent of the face
- •Eyelids
- •Nose and ears
- •Lips
- •Scalp
- •The neck
- •Catastrophic injury
- •Post healing rehabilitation and scar management
- •Outcome and reconstruction
- •Summary
- •References
- •Hand burns
- •Introduction
- •Initial evaluation and history
- •Initial wound management
- •Escharotomy and fasciotomy
- •Surgical management: Early excision and grafting
- •Skin substitutes
- •Amputation
- •Hand therapy
- •Secondary reconstruction
- •References
- •Treatment of burns – established and novel technology
- •Introduction
- •Partial thickness burns
- •Biological membranes – amnion and others
- •Xenograft
- •Full thickness burns
- •Dermal analogs
- •Keratinocyte coverage
- •Facial transplantation
- •Tissue engineering and stem cells
- •Gene therapy and growth factors
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Wound healing
- •History of wound care
- •Types of wounds
- •Mechanisms of wound healing
- •Hemostasis
- •Proliferation
- •Epithelialization
- •Remodeling
- •Fetal wound healing
- •Stem cells
- •Abnormal wound healing
- •Impaired wound healing
- •Hypertrophic scars and keloids
- •Chronic non-healing wounds
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Pain management after burn trauma
- •Introduction
- •Pathophysiology of pain after burn injuries
- •Nociceptive pain
- •Neuropathic pain
- •Sympathetically Maintained Pain (SMP)
- •Pain rating and documentation
- •Pain management and analgesics
- •Pharmacokinetics in severe burns
- •Form of administration [21]
- •Non-opioids (Table 1)
- •Paracetamol
- •Metamizole
- •Non-steroidal antirheumatics (NSAID)
- •Selective cyclooxygenasis-2-inhibitors
- •Opioids (Table 2)
- •Weak opioids
- •Strong opioids
- •Other analgesics
- •Ketamine (see also intensive care unit and analgosedation)
- •Anticonvulsants (Gabapentin and Pregabalin)
- •Antidepressants with analgesic effects
- •Regional anesthesia
- •Pain management without analgesics
- •Adequate communication
- •Psychological techniques [65]
- •Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
- •Particularities of burn pain
- •Wound pain
- •Breakthrough pain
- •Intervention-induced pain
- •Necrosectomy and skin grafting
- •Dressing change of large burn wounds and removal of clamps in skin grafts
- •Dressing change in smaller burn wounds, baths and physical therapy
- •Postoperative pain
- •Mental aspects
- •Intensive care unit
- •Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and opioid tolerance
- •Hypermetabolism
- •Psychic stress factors
- •Risk of infection
- •Monitoring [92]
- •Sedation monitoring
- •Analgesia monitoring (see Fig. 2)
- •Analgosedation (Table 3)
- •Sedation
- •Analgesia
- •References
- •Nutrition support for the burn patient
- •Background
- •Case presentation
- •Patient selection: Timing and route of nutritional support
- •Determining nutritional demands
- •What is an appropriate initial nutrition plan for this patient?
- •Formulations for nutritional support
- •Monitoring nutrition support
- •Optimal monitoring of nutritional status
- •Problems and complications of nutritional support
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •HBO and burns
- •Historical development
- •Contraindications for the use of HBO
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Nursing management of the burn-injured person
- •Introduction
- •Incidence
- •Prevention
- •Pathophysiology
- •Severity factors
- •Local damage
- •Fluid and electrolyte shifts
- •Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal system manifestations
- •Types of burn injuries
- •Thermal
- •Chemical
- •Electrical
- •Smoke and inhalation injury
- •Clinical manifestations
- •Subjective symptoms
- •Possible complications
- •Clinical management
- •Non-surgical care
- •Surgical care
- •Coordination of care: Burn nursing’s unique role
- •Nursing interventions: Emergent phase
- •Nursing interventions: Acute phase
- •Nursing interventions: Rehabilitative phase
- •Ongoing care
- •Infection prevention and control
- •Rehabilitation medicine
- •Nutrition
- •Pharmacology
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Outpatient burn care
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •Accident causes
- •Care structures
- •Indications for inpatient treatment
- •Patient age
- •Total burned body surface area (TBSA)
- •Depth of the burn
- •Pre-existing conditions
- •Accompanying injuries
- •Special injuries
- •Treatment
- •Initial treatment
- •Pain therapy
- •Local treatment
- •Course of treatment
- •Complications
- •Infections
- •Follow-up care
- •References
- •Non-thermal burns
- •Electrical injury
- •Introduction
- •Pathophysiology
- •Initial assessment and acute care
- •Wound care
- •Diagnosis
- •Low voltage injuries
- •Lightning injuries
- •Complications
- •References
- •Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of chemical burns
- •Chemical burns
- •Decontamination
- •Affection of different organ systems
- •Respiratory tract
- •Gastrointestinal tract
- •Hematological signs
- •Nephrologic symptoms
- •Skin
- •Nitric acid
- •Sulfuric acid
- •Caustic soda
- •Phenol
- •Summary
- •References
- •Necrotizing and exfoliative diseases of the skin
- •Introduction
- •Necrotizing diseases of the skin
- •Cellulitis
- •Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
- •Autoimmune blistering diseases
- •Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
- •Necrotizing fasciitis
- •Purpura fulminans
- •Exfoliative diseases of the skin
- •Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- •Toxic epidermal necrolysis
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Frostbite
- •Mechanism
- •Risk factors
- •Causes
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Rewarming
- •Surgery
- •Sympathectomy
- •Vasodilators
- •Escharotomy and fasciotomy
- •Prognosis
- •Research
- •References
- •Subject index
Subject index
A
Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) 280 Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) 244
Abby pain scale 342
ABCD of primary emergent burn care 107–109 Abdominal compartment syndrome 194 ABLS 106
Acinetobacter 229
Acticoat 265, 266, 334, 407, 437, 456 Active burn prevention 66
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) 197
Acute Lung Injury (ALI) 167, 168, 178, 179, 181, 182, 186, 195, 196
Acute renal failure (ARF) 210
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 167, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186, 195, 196
Acute tubular necrosis 445
Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) 241 Agents of fires 33
–Non-electric domestic 36
–Residential fires 34
–War, mass casualties 37 Aging 281
–Comorbidities 282, 283
–Delirium 284
–End of life decisions 285
–Excision and grafting 283
–Fluid resuscitation 283
–Multiple conditions 282, 283
–Physiology of aging 281, 282, 283
–Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) 284
–Prophylactic 270
Agranulocytosis 344
Airway obstruction 166, 173, 291, 293
Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) 185 Alloderm 314, 317, 412, 415
Allodynia 341
Allograft 247, 265, 272, 295, 311, 412 Alpha-granules 327
Alternating current 443 ALVEOLI Trial 181
Amnion (Grafix ) 274, 295, 313 Amphotericin B 238
Amyl nitrite 165
Amylotrophic lateral schlerosis 449 Anaerobic bacteria 230 Anesthesia for burns 151 Anesthesia pharmacology 156 Angina Pectoris 454
Angiotensin II 137 Antibiotics 270 Antidote 453 Antioxidants 216 Anxiety 208 Aquacel Ag 407 ARDSnet 180 Arginine 367 ARIES trial 181
485
Subject index
Arterial blood gas 166, 167, 455
Asboe-Hansen sign 466
Aspergillosis 238
Asphyxia 163
Aspiration 166
Atelectasis 179
Autograft 247, 311
Awbat 313
Azole antifungals 238
B
Bacitracin 232, 295, 312, 407, 432 Bacterial translocation 204 Bacteroides 230
BAL (Broncho-alveolar lavage) 186, 226 Basal energy expenditure 427
B-cells 142
BEST programme 424
Beta blocker 195, 214, 248, 261
Biobrane 264, 265, 295, 311, 313, 317, 412, 438, 456 Biological dressings 264
Biomaterials 320 Biopsy 222 Bisphosphonates 216 Blastomycosis 238 Blindness 454
Blood gas 153 Blood loss 269, 295
Blood transfusion 158 Bone 216
Broad spectrum antibiotics 222 Bronchial hygiene 176 Bronchoconstriction 167, 177, 454 Bronchoscopy 166–168, 244 Brooke formula 109, 153 Buflomedil 481
Bullous pemphigoid 465
Burn centre referral criteria 113 Burn chart 3D 123
Burn depth documentation 119 Burn patient monitoring 154 Burn registry 117, 118
Burn shock 193
Burn specific pain anxiety scale 342
Burn surface area calculation, Rules of nine 112, 120–122
Burn surface area, calculation 111, 132
Burn surgery, History 10
Burn wound 222
–Blisters 261
–Cooling 261
–Deep partial thickness (2nd degree) 260, 293, 311
–Depth 260, 261, 292, 293
–Erythema 60
–Full thickness (3rd degree) 260, 293
–Infection 221, 222, 223, 224, 228
–Superficial partial thickness (2nd degree) 260, 264
Burn wound depth 110-112, 119, 120, 132 Burn wound evaluation 110
2-agonists 168
-hemolytic streptococcus 224, 228, 466
C
Calcitonin-related gene peptide 340, 349 Calcium 215, 216
Calcium gluconate 458 Caloric needs 363, 427
–Pediatric 246 Candidiasis 238, 239
–Albicans 238, 295, 455
–Krusei 238
–Neoformans 238
–Non-Albicans 238
Carbon monoxide 163, 166, 174, 195, 209 Carbonaceous sputum 166 Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) 164, 166, 167, 196 Cardiac Output 138
Care of host nation burn patients in war time 80 Caspofungin 239
Cataracts 449 Catecholamines 136, 212 Catheter related infections 224 Cationic liposomes 319 Cat-scratch fever 470
Cellular edema 133, 134 Cellulitis 224, 463
Central nervous system 195 Chest physiotherapy 176 Chest X-ray 167
Chilblains 479
Chloride 215 Chloroform 459 Cincinatti formula 153
486
Subject index
Circadian rhythm 213 Clonidine 356 Clostridium difficile 236 Coccidioidomycosis 238
Cocoanut Night Club Fire 3, 8 Colistin 237
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 234 Compartment syndrome 206, 326, 446 Congelatio 479
Continuous renal replacement therapy 210 Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) 198 Conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) 166,
178
Corneal Ulcers 454 Cortisol 212
Cost of fires and burns 23
–Costs by age 24
–Costs by mechanisms 25 Courses in burn care 90 Creatine kinase 446
Critical care 203
–Neuropathy 196, 208 Cryptococcosis 238
Cultured epithelial autografts (CEA) 274, 311, 314, 316, 412, 415
–Keratinocyte suspension 315
Cupper 216, 248
Curling’s ulcer 401
Curreri formula 364
CVP 155
Cyanide toxicity 165, 209
Cyclophosphamide 473
Cyclosporin A 473
Cytokines 142, 213, 216
D
Dakins’ solution 432 Death from burns 21-23 Decontamination 453 Dehydration 214
Delayed Neurologic Sequelae (DNS) 164 Delirium 284
Demling formula 109, 153 Diarrhoea 374
Dicobalt edetate 165 Dietary reference index 363 Diphoterine 454
Direct current 443 Disaster plan ABA 85
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 469 Diuretics 243
Donor sites 268 Dopamine 198 Duoderm 265 Dyspnoea 454
E
Early burn wound excision 193 Early treatment post-burn 105 Ebers papyrus 325
Edema 133 Education in burns 89 Electroporation 319 Emesis 454
End of life decisions 285
End tidal carbon monoxide 156 Endothelial progenitor cells 331 Endotracheal intubation 166, 167, 173 Energy expenditure 247
Enteral nutrition 168, 198, 263, 363 Enterobacteriaceae 230 Enterococcus 229, 232, 236
–Faceum 229, 236
–Fecalis 239, 236 Epicel 412
Epidemiology 241, 259, 279
–of burns 19, 20
–war times 76 Epidermolysis bullosa 465 Escar 261
Escharotomy 107, 108, 176, 241 Eschericia coli 230
European Clinical Practice Guidelines 97 European Guidelines for Burn Care 97 European Guidelines for Burn Centres 99 Evacuation of burn patients in combat 79 Evans formula 109, 153
Excision 245, 265ff, 283ff, 296ff, 305ff
–Fascia 246, 269, 314
–Full thickness 246, 269, 314
–In elderly 283
–Serial 268
–Tangential 246, 269, 314
Exposure treatment 265
487
Subject index
EXPRESS trial 181
Extravascular lung water 168
F
Facial Burns 165, 173, 291
–Acticote 294
–Aesthetic units 292
–Corneal injury 298
–Eyelids 297
–Flammacine 294
–Lips 298
–Neck 299
–Nose and Ears 298
–Outcome and reconstruction 300
–Post healing and rehabilitation 299
–Scalp 298
–Scarring 292
–Topical agents 294
–Wound care 294
Facial transplantation 315 Fat metabolism 139 Fentanyl 347, 351
Fiberoptic endoscopy 173, 177 Fibroblasts 316
Fibronectin 327 Flamacerium 266, 295 Fluconazole 238 Flucytosine 239
“fluid creep” 194, 204, 262
Fluid resuscitation 109, 153, 168, 242, 283
–Colloid 243 Fluidized bed 214 Foley catheter 112
Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 213 Fournier’s gangrene 468
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) 158ff Fungal infection 222, 230
–Aspergillus 230
–Aspergillus fumigatus 230
–Candida 230
–Cryptococcus neoformans 230
G
Gabapentin 263, 349
Galen 325
Galveston formula 153
Gastric residuals 422 Gastrointestinal system 142 Gastrointestinal tract 198, 210 Gene therapy 316
Geriatric burns 280
Glanzmann’s thrombasthaenia 328 Glucagon 213 Glucagon-Like-Peptide (GLP)-1 251 Glucose control 212, 215, 228, 262 Glucose metabolism 139, 140 Glutamine 367
Goal directed resuscitation 193 Gram negative organisms 229 Gram positive organisms 228 Growth factors 319
Growth hormone 214, 216, 248 Guillan-Barre 449
Guinea Pig Club, Dr. McIndoe 5 Gut translocation 198
H
Hand burns 303
–Amputation 307
–Compartment syndrome 305
–Escarotomy 304
–Examination 303
–Excision and grafting 305
–Fasciotomy 304
–Hand therapy 208
–Hemostasis/bleeding 306
–Secondary reconstruction 308
–Skin substitutes 307
–Tissue Flaps 207
–Distant flaps 307
–Free tissue transfer 307
–Local flaps 306
–Wound management 304 Harris-Benedict equation 363 Hazardous Material 453 Hemidesmosomes 465 Hemodialysis (HD) 198 Hemodynamics 137, 138 Hemoglobin 163 Hemoglobinuria 243 Heparin 168, 177
Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia 327 Hepatic cytochromes 164
488
Subject index
Hepatic dysfunction 211 Heterotopic ossification 449
High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFVO) 184 High frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV) 182 High volage 443
Histamine 135 Histoplasmosis 238, 47 History of burn 3 Hoarseness 166, 173 Homograft 412 Hormones 213 Hydrofluoric Acid 435, 457
Hydroxycobalamin therapy 165 Hyperalgaesia 341
Hyperbaric oxygen 468
–therapy 164, 195 Hypercalcemia 215 Hyperchloremic acidosis 215 Hyperglycemia 198, 249, 250 Hyperhidrosis 481
Hypermetabolism 138, 139, 193, 195, 248 Hypernatremia 215
Hypertrophic scar 333 Hypnosis 351 Hypocalcemia 215, 216 Hypomagnesemia 216 Hypotension 228 Hypothermia 214 Hypovolemia 133 Hypoxia 163, 166, 196
–inducible factor 330
I
Iloprost 481
Immobilization 216
Immune system 142
Impetigo 224
Incidence of burn world wide 20
Indirect calorimetry 363, 372
Infection 221
–Control 231
–Nosocomial 222, 234 Infectious complications 221 Inflammation 203 Inflammatory response 203 Inhalation injury 163, 209, 244
–History 11
Initial care and fluid resuscitation war times 77 Insulin 215, 248, 371
Insulin resistance 198, 249 Insulin-like growth factor 371 Integra 272, 295, 314, 415 Integrins 330
Interleukin 6 213
Interprofessional education in burns 92 Intra abdominal pressure 197, 210 Intravenous Ig 473
Ipratropium 401 Isograft 414 Itraconazole 238
J
Joule 444
K
Keloids 333
Keraunoparalysis 448
Ketamine 263, 348, 356
Ketoconazole 238
Kinin 135
Klebsiella 230, 245
L
Laminin 330 Laryngoscopy 166 Laryngospasm 454 Lean body mass 140, 204 Legionella 469
Length of stay (LOS) 275 Leukotrienes 454 Lichtenberg figure 448
Lidocain-prilocaine cream (Emla) 353 Linear IgA bullous dermatosis 465 Linezolid 236
Lipid peroxidation 204 Liquifactive necrosis 435 LOVS study 181
Low fat/high carbohydrate diet 248 Low voltage 443
Lower airway injury 166 Lund Browder charts 242, 261 Lung recruit maneuvers 182
489
Subject index
Luteinizing hormone (LH) 213
M
Mafenide acetate 407, 447
Mafenide acetate (Sulfamylon ) 232, 312 Magnesium 215
Mannitol 405
Mass casualties and burn disaster 81 Matriderm 273, 295, 317, 456 Matrix metalloproteinases 330, 333 McGill pain questionnaire 341 Mean arterial pressure (MAP) 194
Mechanical ventilation (see Conventional mechanical ventilation )
Medical documentation of burn injuries 117 Medisol 406
Mentorship in burn care 91 Mepilex 334, 437
Mepitel 265 Metabolic
–acidosis 143, 165, 209, 232, 304, 356, 395, 455, 458
–modulation 214
–rate 12, 138, 139, 157, 195, 213, 226, 247, 354, 427
Metamizole 344
Metformin 251 Methemoglobinemia 455
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 223, 224, 228, 235, 236
Methylene blue 455 Micronutrients 216 “micro-seeding” 318
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 235 Mobile App’s for burn documentation 126 Modified Brooke formulae 242
Monafo formula 109, 153 Morganella 230
Mortality 163, 168, 174, 193, 280
– prediction models 280
Multi modal pain management 208 Multi organ dysfunction/failure 193, 282 Multidisciplinary team 263
Multiresistant bacteria (MDRO´s) 222, 237 Mupirocin, 232
Muscle catabolism 139 Myasthenia gravis 466
Mycostatin 432
Myocardial dysfunction 141
Myoglobinuria 243
N
Nasogastric tube 455 Necrotising fasciitis 234, 466 Neisseria menigitidis 469 Neomycin 232
Neosporin 295, 407 Nephrotoxicity 235, 237, 238 Neurologic sequelae 164 Neurologic toxicity 164 Neuropathic pain 340 Neurotoxicity 237 Nikolsky’s sign 466, 471 Nitric Acid 456
Nitric oxide 168, 204, 209, 382 NMDA receptor antagonists 208
NMDA receptors 340, 345, 348, 351, 356 Nociceptors 340
Nutrition, History 11 Nutritional support 247 Nystatin 232, 312
O
Obstructing casts 178 Omeprazole 454 Omniderm 265
“Open lung concept” 178, 180 Opioids 208, 211, 263
Organ dysfunction 193 OSCILLATE trial 185 Oscillatory Ventilation 167 Osteoporosis 216 Outcome 275
Oxandrolone 195, 214, 249, 282, 371 Oxidative stress 203, 204
Oxygen consumption 247 Oxygen radicals 136 Oxygen treatment 164, 244
P
Pain 208, 263, 284
Pain treatment 112
490
Subject index
Paracetamol 263, 343 Paracoccidioidomycosis 238 Parenteral nutrition 368, 455, 468 Parkland (Baxter) formulae 242 Parkland formula 109, 153 Passive burn prevention 66 Pathologic respiratory causes 152
Pathophysiologic changes post-burn 133 Pearl Harbor 6
Pediatric Vital signs 245
PEEP (Positive End Expiratory Pressure) 178, 180, 181 Pemphigus vulgaris 465
Penicillin, Discovery and burn usage 7 Pentoxyphylline 473, 481 Perioperative fluid management 157 Peripheral neuropathy 196 Permissive hypercapnia 180 Peroxidation 164
Persistent neurologic sequelae (PNS) 164 Pethidine 346
Phenol 459 Phosphate 214 Piritramide 347
Plasmapheresis 466, 473 Platelet aggregation factor 137 Pneumonia 168, 175, 226, 244 Polymyxins 237
–Polymyxins B 232, 311 Polysporin 295, 406, 432
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 455 Postoperative care 160
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction 284
Povidone-Iodide 437 PPARagonists 251
Pre-albumin (transthyretin) 372 Pregabalin 349
Preoperative anesthesia evaluation 151 Pressure garments 399
Prevention 38, 61
–Acid assaults 49
–Children sleepwear 47
–Firework legislation 45
–Hot water regulation 42
–Lamps and stove regulations 44
–Residential sprinklers 42
–Smoke detections 38
Primary assessment at scene 107 Proinflammatory cytokines 203, 213, 216
Prolactine 213
Prolonged ventilator dependence (PVD) 175 Prophylactic antibiotics 168
Propofol 352, 355
Propranolol 195, 214, 248, 249, 263, 371 Prostaglandins 135, 454
Protein C 469 Protein kinase C 328 Protein S 469 Proteus 230 Providencia 230
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 222, 223, 228, 229, 232, 233, 245
Pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) 155 Pulmonary embolism 217 Pulmonary hypertension 168 Purpura fulminans 469
Q
Quinupristin/dalfopristin 236
R
Ramsey sedation scale 354 Reactive nitrogen species 382 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 204
Recommended daily allowances 363 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy 449 Rehabilitation, History 11
Renal dysfunction 141 Renal function 237
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) 198, 209 Respiratory quotient 373
Resting energy expenditure 139 Resuscitation, History 8 Retinol binding protein 372 Rhabdomyolysis 326 Richmond agitation scale 354 RIFLE classification 210
Risk factors for burns 26, 62
–Age related risk factors 27
–Race risk factors 26
–Regional risk factors 30
–Socioeconomic risks factors 26 Ritter’s disease 464
“Rule of nines” 242, 261
491
Subject index
S
Saponification 326
Scarring 292
SCORTEN 472
Sedation 176, 196, 208, 211
Selenium 213, 217, 248
Semmelweis 325
Sepsis 225, 226, 243
–Definition 227, 228, 244 Serotonin 136, 328
–Reuptake inhibitor 350 Serratia marcescens 230 Severe sepsis 228
Shriners Burns Hospital SBH-Galveston Formula 243
Silver nitrate 407
Silver nitrate solution (0, 5%) 232, 312 Silver sulfadiazine 406, 432, 455.456
–(Fammazine ) 232, 265, 294, 312
Simulation 89
Skin changes post-burn 131
Skin graft take 275
Slater formula 109, 153
Smoke inhalation 163, 166, 173
Sodium 215
Sodium hydroxide 457
–hypochlorite 0.25 % 233
–nitrite 165 Sporotrichosis 238
Staphylococcal scalded skin 464
Staphylococcus aureus 222, 224, 22, 234, 236, 245 Staphylococcus epidermidis 229, 234, 236
Stem cell culture 247, 316 STEPS to Self-Esteem 424 Steroids 168, 454, 455 Stevens-Johnson syndrome 470 Streptococcus 224, 228, 234 Stress response 212
Stress ulcer prophylaxis 262 Stridor 166
Substance P 328, 340 Sulfamylon 406, 432
Sulfuric Acid 457 Supratel 313
Suprathel 438, 456 Surgical education 89 Sympathectomy 481
Sympathetically maintained pain 341 Synergistic necrotising cellulitis 469
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) 244
T
T3/T4 syndrome 213 Tachycardia 228
Tar 406
Target specific burn prevention strategies 67
–Prevention from clothing-ignition burns 69
–Prevention from outdoor flame burns 68
–Prevention from residential fires 67
–Prevention of chemical burns 72
–Prevention of contact burns 72
–Prevention of electrical burns 72
–Prevention of scald burns 70
T-cells 142 Tegaderm 265
Temperature regulation and control 113 Testosterone 213
Tetanus toxoid 428 TGF-beta 329, 333 Thalidomide 473 Thermal regulation 214 Thionine 455 Thrombosis 217
Thrombotic complications 217, 262 Thromboxane 135
Thyroid axis 213
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 213 Tidal volume 179
Tissue engineering 316 Tissue growth factor 1 319 Tocopherol 168
Toluidine blue 455
Topical antimicrobials 222, 232, 264 Toxic epidermal necrolysis 470 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) 224, 228 Trace elements 204, 216, 248 Tracheobronchitis 225 Tracheostomy 168, 174, 175, 294 Tramadol 346
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 351 Transfection 319
– Calcium phosphate 320 Transportation of a burn patient 114
492
Subject index
Treatment of disaster-related burns 83 Triage guidelines for mass casualties 84 Tricyclic antidepressant 349 Triple-phase bone scanning 480 Trombocytopenia 228
Tubigrip 427
Tween 80 406
U
Unit-based protocols 410
Upper airway injury 165
Urinary tract infection 225
Urine output 156, 168, 194
US National Burn repository 279
V
Vancomycin 228, 235, 236
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) 236 Vascular access 262
Vascular endothelial growth factor 329 Vaseline gauze 265
Vasopressin 137
Ventilation perfusion mismatch 177
Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) 22, 166, 186, 196, 197, 208, 402
–Prevention 187
–Treatment 187, 234
Ventilatory Induced Lung Injury (VILI) 179, 182, 184
Viral infection 222 Vitamin A 332, 366
Vitamin C 217, 332, 366, 455 Vitamin D 365
Vitamin E 454
Vitamin K 333 Vitamines 204, 248 Volutrama 179
von Willebrand factor 327 Voriconazole 238
W
Warden formula 109 Wartime burns 75
Water jet hydro surgery (Versajet ) 269 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome 469 Weaning 175
WHO role of in burns 52 Wound care, Infection 8 Wound colonization 221, 228
X
Xanthoproteic reaction 456
Xenograft 247, 264, 265, 274, 295, 313, 412 Xenon 133 447
Xenon perfusion scan 167
Z
Zinc 216, 248
Zones of tissue injury 222, 261
–Coagulation 281, 326, 391
–Hyperemia 131, 222, 326, 391
–Ischemia 135, 222, 261
–Stasis 120, 131, 132, 136, 294, 314, 326, 391 Zygomycosis 238
493