Mosti_1(29)_2011

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«...

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3JIeMeHTa, KOTOPbIH 3aKaH'IHBaeTCSl TO'IKOH):

•The unit shall be self-propelled,

•The unit shall be reliable and allow for safe disconnection from the mooring system and risers system in case of an ice threat. The system shall allow for further reconnection when the threat is over."

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"Dear John" or "Dear Mr. Smith" for a start? And "Sincerely yours" or "Yours" for a sign-off? If you're writing a letter, that's usually fine. But the age of e-mail has led to major changes in English e-mail salutations and sign­ offs - never mind what is going on in the body ofthe letter text!

A quick look at various types of e-mail correspondence reveals that these rapid changes mostly veer from the formal towards the informal, the very informal, or the very, very informal. This is particularly true of the younger generation, accustomed to texting and to sending instant messages that often consist ofonly a few words. The trend, however, seems to have been quite contagious in its rapid spread to older letter writers as well.

Nowadays, in any kind ofe-mail aside from an advertisement or an obvious scam it is fairly rare to encounter the familiar "Dear Sir" or "Dear Madam" of traditional business correspondence. While the customary "Dear

CMI1T/.lloporoti. rOcno}]'I1H CMI1T /of course without the exclamation point in English) is still very common, e-mails nowadays tend to begin with:

All too often, the busy e-mail writer simply starts offwith

Hope all is well/with you/by you/on your end HaAelOcb, 'lTO y Bac sce HOpMaJlbHo/sce xopowo

We need an answer from you as soon as possible We hope to hear from you as soon as possible We're still waiting for your answer

Bce lK,D,eMOT sac OTseTa

The first name without a "Dear" may be followed by a comma, colon, or dash. While this form is acceptable in a continuing correspondence - i.e. ifthe writer is responding for the fourth or fifth time to e-mail from the correspondent - the first name used alone may nevertheless sound somewhat abrupt or brusque.

Ifanswering an e-mail, the salutation maybe

Glad to hear from you/Thanks for your e-mail/ We agree with your proposal.

5JlarOAapHM Bac 3a oTseT/Mbl comaCHbl c BawHM npeAIlO)l(eHHeM.

A more affectionate e-mail may start with a diminutive or endearment:

Unfortunately, the busy, busy, rushed and harried e-mail writer all too often simply skips any kind of salutation whatsoever and plunges

into the subject matter of the letter in medias

res:

"Thanks for your e-mail - sorry for the delay. Just got back from Washington."

"Will be glad to see you - please advise regarding arrival time."

While our busy, busy Anglophone e-mail writer is generally limited in terms of salutations, in terms of signoffs the field is wide open. Though the old-fashioned "Sincerely" or "Sincerely yours" (l1cKpeHHe Barn) is certainly still acceptable for formal correspondence, the simpler form "Yours" is widespread, with "Yours truly" reserved for formal correspondence.

For more informal e-mails " Best" (the contraction from " Best regards" (C Hall­ JIyqIllHMll nO)!(eJIaHIDIMH) seems to be winning the day. The warmth of the signoff may be raised by the adjective in the phrase "Warmest regards. " Or the second half of this signoff, "Regards, " may be used on its own, followed by the writer's name. A friendly expression that usually evokes a positive response - best used in corresponding with long-time acquaintances or correspondents - is "As ever" or ''As everjYours," followed by the writer's name. If the writer expects to see or phone the addressee fairly soon, he may end with " Looking forward, " CUo BCTpeqH) and if he is either asking for a favor or expressing gratitude for something the person has done he may sign off with a simple "Thanks, " plus the first or the first and last name. "Thanks" plus the initial of the sender's first name - e.g. "Thanks"/" Many thanks, M . " is quite acceptable when writing to reasonably close friends.

More informal and increasingly popular signoffs that do not necessarily imply a degree of intimacy are "Cheers" or "Ciao." Both ofthese, however, are best used when writing on fairly light and superficial subjects. The recipient of a letter stating "So sorry to hear of your brother's recent death" would not appreciate a signoff such as "Cheers," and a letter emphasizing that "I really sympathize with yourjob situation and with your search for a rewarding position" would not close with "Ciao."

of adding a slight degree of distance or formality is the use ofthe initial letter ofthe last name following the first name: " Fondly, Carol

S . " or "Best, Jack G . " The sender's name may either be on the same line as the signoff or on the line below it:

"Ciao, Jane" or

"Ciao,

Jane"

If the correspondence has been going on

for a long time, the writer may sign off using s: only the initial of the first name: " Fondly, c."

or " Best, J . " Using both the first and last name

'"'"'-l with these signoffs is sending a tacit signal that

•while JJ.P)')K6a JJ.P)')K60it, a certain emotional

distance is being maintained between sender

and reci ient.

m A slIghtly "pseudo-hippy" signoff may C::Jinclude- "Love and Peace, " "Peace, " "Peace 0' to all," or "Peace on earth." These, however,

are best avoided by writers who are not aging

I- hippies writing to other individuals of the same

ilk and generation. And writers should be alert

to a new signoff that is now becoming ever more fashionable. The late 1950's saw the emergence a song of the American civil rights movement. " Kumbaya, " that subsequently became extremely popular among both blacks and whites, and eventually in the decades to come served as a virtual hymn of the anti-Viet Nam war and the civil rights movements. While

many people first thought that the word " Kumbaya" derived from an African dialect it appears that this is the way "Come By He;e" sounded in the Gullah dialect of blacks on the coast of the state of Georgia. The song, an African-inspired spiritual calling on the Lord and expressing hope in Him, became a nation­ wide hit when it was recorded by several popular singers who combined folk music and progressive, liberal politics such as Pete Seeger and Joan Baez, and the groups "The Weavers" and " Peter, Paul and Mary. " 1 As a signoff, the word now is used as a synonym for "peace" and "harmony" - e.g. , "Hope you and your family are well, and we wish you all the best. Kumbaya, Jean." It can, however, be used sarcastically to indicate the desire to talk rather than act or to disparage an action: "Well, I guess we've got more kumbaya coming at these next meetings and it doesn't look like the board will take any action, " or "Hope that Congress gets its act together and passes the tax cuts. For the moments it looks like - kumbaya. "

The busy, busy, busy multitasking e-mail writer, however, may not even find a

I Samuel G. Freedman, "A Long Road from 'Come By Here' to Kumbaya", New York Times, 1 1/20/20 10, p. A12 .

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" ' .;-

millisecond to come up with an appropriate signoff - or to sign his or her name. Increasingly, Anglophone e-mail writers are ending the letter with a wrap-up last sentence, dispensing with one of the accepted signoffs:

"Hope to hear from you"

"I think that should provide an answer to your question"

"Will be in touch after I'm back from Rome"

Orhe may condescend to sign with a single - or even with two - initials:

"That's all for now"

G.

"Will be in touch."

J.

"Bye/Bye for now, " (the full form "Good­ bye" is not used and sounds rather rude)

D.

"Have to run."

FR

"Do write when you're back."

JB

The rationale for not signing in full is that the recipient willautomatically know who is writing from the sender's e-mail address. Yet given some of the rather convoluted e-mail addresses and screen names used by American correspondents this is not necessarily so. It may not immediately be obvious that "Prettygirl.com" is really Jeanne Blackton, or that " Brushoff' is Daniel O'Rourke. And more often than not, the e-mail writer may have an automatic signature appended to his letters (often with a phone/fax number and other coordinates following), thus lumping close friends in the same category as casual acquaintances and business contacts.

As in so many other instances, when writing a letter - and particularly in a foreign language - the best tack is to stay neutral. "Dear Susan" or " Dear Susan Jordan" at the beginning of an e-mail, and "Yours, Tom" or "Yours, Tom Johnson" at the close should for most instances keep the writer within the bounds of safe, comfortable and polite epistolary cyberterritory.

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