Дієприкметник, герундій, віддієслівний іменник

Зверніть увагу на різні значення ing – форми:

У таких реченнях reading - дієприкметник. My brother is reading a book. You can see many people reading books. Reading his newspaper, the old man fell asleep.

У таких реченнях reading – герундій. Reading a good book gives me a lot of pleasure. It is no use reading these notes. I like reading a good book. I am thinking of reading a new book. I remember reading a very clever article.

Порівняйте ці два речення: My brother is reading a story. (дієприкметник) My dream is reading this story. (герундій)

Exercise 1. Place:

1. sentences in which ing form is Participle

2. sentences in which ing form is Gerund.

1. He was looking at the plane flying overhead. 2. Wishing to learn to skate, she bought herself a pair of skates. 3. Just imagine his coming first in the race! 4. The children were tired of running. 5. Being frightened by the dog, the cat climbed a high fence. 6. It is nо use going there now. 7. My greatest pleasure is traveling. 8. Growing tomatoes need a lot of sunshine. 9. Mary will stop for a few days at the seaside before going back home. 10. While translating the text, I looked up many words in the dictionary. 11. I usually help my mother by washing the dishes and doing the rooms. 12. Entering the room, I saw my friend, he came to see me. 13. Watching the playing kittens was great fun for the children.

Порівняйте герундій і віддієслівний імeнник

Reading a good book gives me a lot of pleasure. (герундій) The reading of a good book gives me a lot of pleasure. (віддієслівний іменник)

N.B. Віддієслівний іменник вживається з артиклем, має множину, a також може визначатися прикметником. Віддієслівний іменник не має часових форм, а також пасивного стану. На відмінок від герундія він не може мати після себе прямого додатку.

E.g. They started the loading of the ship. (віддієслівний іменник)

They started loading the ship. (герундій)

Exercise 2. Place:

1. sentences in which ing is Gerund

2. sentences in which ing is a Verbal Noun.

1. The singing of those songs impressed me greatly. 2. Your having written is really no excuse for your not coming on the day fixed. 3. Such doings can hardly be explained. 4. The motor was carefully examined before starting. 5. I am very pleased to meet you after hearing so much about you. 6. Your hair wants cutting. 7. I shall look forward to seeing you again. 8. It was no use talking about it any longer. 9. Sleeping is necessary. 10. The building of this house will cost much money. 11. But you don’t mind being asked to help us, do you? 12. Are you dressed for going out? 13. We took part in the sittings of the committee. 14. I was awakened by their loud talking.

Умовний стан

(Conditionals)

В англійській мові слід розрізняти три типи умовних речень:

1 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення першого типу виражають реальні умови в минулому, теперішньому і майбутньому часі для реальних дій чи фактів, виражених у головному реченні:

We bought stamps if we went to the post –office.	Ми купували марки, якщо ми ходили на пошту
We buy stamps if we go to the post-office.	Ми купуємо марки, якщо ходимо на пошту
We shall buy stamps if we go to the post-office.	Ми купимо марки, якщо підемо на пошту

В умовних реченнях після if,when, before, after, as soon as, till(until) тощо, замість Future Indefenite використовується Present Indefenite.

As soon as I come home,I shall begin to work.

Також вводяться unless, provided(that), as(so) long as, supposing, in case + дієслово.

Рrovided (that) you keep very still, nobody will notice you.

2 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення другого типу виражають неймовірні або малоймовірні припущення, які відносяться лише до теперішнього або майбутнього часу:

We should buy stamps if we went to the post-office(today or tomorrow). N.B.Дієслово “to be” має одну форму “were”.

Ми купили б марки, якби пішли на пошту (сьогодні або завтра) (Тобто тут є ще припущення, що ми можемо придбати марки

У головному реченні вживаються допоміжні дієслова should, would і інфінітив дієслова, а в підрядному реченні-форма, яка збігається з формою минулого простого часу.

3 Тип. Умовні підрядні речення третього типу виражають нереальні умови для дій, виражених у головному реченні, оскільки стосуються минулого часу і тому не можуть бути виконані:

We should have brought stamps if we had gone to the post-office yesterday.

Ми придбали б марки, якби ми вчора пішли на пошту (надій на те, що ми придбаємо марки, вже немає).

У головному реченні вживаються допоміжні дієслова should, would і перфектний інфінітив, а в підрядному реченні - форма, яка збігається з формою минулого перфектного часу.

If – конструкція може використовуватись як для вираження реальної,так і нереальної умови.

Wish – конструкція може використовуватися тільки для вираження нереальної умови(2,3 тип).

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the sentences in all types of conditionals:

E.g. If you (to be) free,I (to come) to see you.

If you are free,I shall come to see you.

If you were free,I should come to see you.

If you had been free,I should have come to see you.

If I (to see) her,I (to be) glad.

If I see her,I shall be glad.

If I saw her,I should be glad.

If I had seen her,I should have been glad.

1. If my friend (to come) to see me,I (to be) very glad.

2. If mother (to buy) a cake,we (to have) a nice tea party.

3. If we (to receive) a telegram from him,we (not to worry).

4. If you not (to work) systematically,you (to fail) at the examination.

5. If you (to be) busy,I (to leave) you alone.

6. If I (to get) a ticket,I (to go) to the philharmonic.

7. If my father (to return) early,we (to watch) TV together.

8. If she (to know) English,she (to try) to enter the university.

Exercise 2. Make up 1 type conditionals and translate.

If I

live in the south, come home late, live in the country, receive his letter, see my friend, lose my money, go to the wood, fall ill, find my book,

I shall

bathe every day. go to bed at once. often go to the wood. gather many mushrooms. ask his advice. be very glad. go to the doctor. be very happy. be very sorry.

Exercise 3. Make up 2,3 types of Conditionals.

I wish I were If I were	in the south at home in the country in the wood at the camp a scientist a poet a sailor a composer a writer a spaceman	I should	fly to other planets. bathe every day. sail to Africa. go to bed. have a very good time. write a beautiful poetry. go to the wood. write interesting novels. gather many mushrooms. invent a time machine. write beautiful music.
I wish If I had	translated the article yesterday met you yesterday heard about it yesterday read this new book won the championship gone to the library rung him up yesterday asked you to help me bought a dictionary	I should have	translated the text found out all about this discovery been sent abroad told you something done the work well gone to the cinema with you bought the book been pleased told you about it got that book found out all about his illness

Exercise 4. Make up the following pairs of sentences.

1.I’m working today	I wish I didn’t.
2.I don’t feel well	I wish I had seen it.
3.I feel tired	I wish you were telling the truth.
4.That’s not true	I wish I felt better.
5.I did not see that book	I wish you would.
6.I will send it to you	I wish I wasn’t.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences defining the tenses used.

1.If you told the truth, people would trust you more. 2.If you were telling the truth, you would be looking me straight in the eyes. 3.If you had told the truth, you wouldn’t have blushed like that. 4.If you had told the truth, you would not have been punished. 5.If you had met him before, I am sure he would have recognized you. 6.If we went out, we should only get wet to the skin. 7.If we were playing tennis, we should not be able to finish our work.

Exercise 6. Supply the correct form of the verb in parentheses in order to make future possible conditions.

I type – Future Possible.

1. If Melissa studies hard, she _________ (pass) her finals.

(If Melissa studies hard, she’ll pass her finals).

2. If I finish my work in time, I ________ (go) to the concert.

3. If I see Henry, I __________ (give) him your message.

4. If he works hard, he ________ (get) the raise.

5. If you don’t hurry, we _________ (be) late for the meeting.

6. If he tries hard, he ________ (find) a job somewhere.

7. If he fails the test, he ________ (have) to repeat the course.

8. If I _________ (find) the book, I shall give it to you.

9. If you __________ (turn) out the light, we shall be in the dark.

10. If you ________ (drive) slowly, you won’t have any accidents.

II type – Present Unreal.

1. If I knew her well, I _______ (speak) to her.

(If I knew her well, I would speak to her).

2. If he attended class regularly, he _______ (make) good progress.

3. If he paid his debts, people ________ (respect) him more.

4. If we had the money, we ________ (take) a trip to South America.

5. If I ________ (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to California.

6. If she ________ (work) harder, she would probably get a better salary.

7. If I _________ (know) how to drive, I would buy a car.

8. If she ________ (know) more grammar, she would make fewer mistakes.

9. If he ________ not (waste) so much time in class, he would make better progress.

II type – Present Unreal.

1. If I _____ (be) you, I wouldn’t mention it to her.

(If I were you, I wouldn’t mention it to her).

2. If today _______ (be) Saturday, I would not have to work.

3. If I _______ (be) in your position, I would think twice before doing that.

4. If you ______ (be) a millionaire, how would you spend your time?

5. If George were here with us, I _____ (feel) more comfortable.

6. If I were you, I ______ (tell) everyone the truth about the matter.

7. If he were more ambitious, he _______ (try) to find a better job.

8. If the girl were here, she ______ (know) what to do.

III type – Past Unreal.

1. If I had known her, I _____ (speak) to her.

(If I had known her, I would have spoken to her).

2. If he had learnt the truth, he _______ (be) very angry.

3. If I had known that you needed me, I ______ (come) at once.

4. If they had invited us, naturally we ______ (go) to the party.

5. If you had asked me, I ______ (help) you.

6. If I _______ (know) about this yesterday, I would have worried all day long.

7. I wouldn’t have gotten wet if I ______ (wear) a raincoat.

8. If he _______ (study) more, he would have got better marks.

Exercise 7. Open the brackets:

1.If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 2.If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter. 3.If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 4.If my sister doesn’t go to the south, we (to spend) the summer in Kyiv together. 5.If they (not to go) to Paris last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 6.If you (not to get) tickets for the concert, we shall stay at home. 7.If it is not too cold, I (not to put ) on my coat. 8.If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 9.If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 10.If you had written the test paper, you (not to get) a bad mark. 11.If you ( to do) your morning exercises, your health would be much better. 12.If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this rule. 13.If he had known it was going to rain, he (to take) his umbrella to work today.

Exercise 8.

1. Change the sentences from future-possible conditions to present-unreal conditions.

1. If Laura comes, she will help us.

(If Laura came, she would help us).

2. If she studies hard, she will pass her driver’s test.

3. If I have the money, I shall buy a new car.

4. If I see her, I shall give her your message.

5. If you turn out the light, we shall be in the dark.

6. If the weather is nice, we shall go to the beach.

7. If he has time, he will go with us.

8. If we hurry, we can get there by two o’clock.

9. If she saves her money, she will be able to go on a vacation.

10. If they work hard, they will learn the language.

2. Change the sentences in Exercise A to past-unreal conditions.

1. If Laura comes, she will help us.

(If Laura had come, she’d have helped us).

Exercise 9. Complete each of the following conditional sentences in your own words.

1. Present Unreal Conditions

1. I don’t have a car, but if I _________.

(I don’t have a car, but if I had one I would drive to the country).

2. I don’t like to swim, but if I ___________.

3. I cannot speak English perfectly, but if I ____________.

4. I don’t know how to play the piano, but if I __________.

5. She doesn’t have much free time, but if she ____________.

6. He never does his homework, but if he ___________.

7. I am not a millionaire, but if I ___________.

8. Today isn’t a holiday, but if it __________.

B. Past Unreal Conditions.

1. She didn’t make reservations, but if she ________.

(She didn’t make reservations, but if she had made them, we could have attended the grand opening).

2. I didn’t know her name, but if I ________.

3. Joan didn’t have a car last winter, but if she ________.

4. We didn’t have their phone number, but if we _________.

5. I couldn’t afford to take a vacation last summer, but if I ________.

6. I wasn’t aware of the problem, but if I ________.

7. He didn’t come to class on time, but if he __________.

8. He didn’t wear his overcoat, but if he __________.

3. In your own words, what would you do or what would happen…

   1. … if you never did your homework?

(If I never did my homework, I would fail all my tests).

1. … if you came late to class every day?

2. … if you found a large sum of money in the street?

3. … if you were unable to walk?

4. … if you found someone else’s purse or wallet?

5. … if you failed all your exams?

6. … if today was a holiday?

7. … if you knew English perfectly?

8. … if you were a millionaire?

9. … if you were ten years younger than you are?

10. … if you had a lot of free time.

1. In your own words, what would you have done or what would have happened…

1. … if you had come to class late?

(The teacher would have been angry if I had come to class late.

2. … if yesterday had been a holiday?

3. … if you had failed all your tests last semester?

4. … if you had overslept this morning?

5. … if yesterday had been your birthday?

6. … if you had missed the bus this morning?

7. … if it had been raining when you left home this morning?

8. … if yesterday had been Sunday?

5. Complete the following conditional sentences by supplying words of your own.

1. If I were you, I _______.

(If I were you, I would go home and relax).

2. If you had studied harder, you ________.

3. I shall drive to the country on Sunday if _________.

4. If I had been in your place, I_________.

5. If you had asked me, I _________.

6. If I had known it was going to rain, I ________.

7. If it doesn’t rain next Sunday, we________.

8. I would gladly have lent you the money, if ________.

Exercise 10. as if…as though

I. Learn the examples:

1. They shook hands as if they hadn’t seen each other for a long time. 2. She shook her head as though she were afraid to show her feelings. 3. The shop assistant showed me a variety of dresses as if she wanted me to pick out a dress for the happy occasion. 4. The girl shivered as though she didn’t feel well.

II. Translate into English:

1. Він говорив так швидко, ніби хотів щоб його не зупинили. 2. Він підскочив, ніби його вдарили. 3. Вони розмовляли, ніби-то вони були старими знайомими. 4. Вона говорить тихо, ніби боїться розбудити когось. 5. Вона розридалася, ніби її образили. 6. Він його любив, як ніби це був його син. 7. Нас зустрічають, ніби ми давні знайомі. 8. Він вислухав рішення спокійно, як ніби був давно до цього готовий.

Exercise 11. Paraphrase the sentences using I wish (II, III type).

E.g. It’s a pity you are ill.

I wish you were not ill.

1. Unfortunately they won’t return before Christmas. 2. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the exam. 3. It’s a pity that you did not send for us last night. 4. It’s a pity you are not with us these days. 5. My friend regrets not having entered the University. 6. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his paper. 7. It’s a pity we shan`t be able to reach home before teatime. 8. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 9. What a pity you don’t know enough physics.

Exercise 12. Translate into English.

1. Якби я знав французьку мову, я б уже давно поговорив з нею. 2. Якби я жив близько, я б частіше заходив до вас. 3. Якби ви не перервали нас учора, ми б закінчили роботу вчасно. 4. Вона дуже талановита. Якщо вона почне грати на піаніно зараз, вона буде видатним музикантом. 5. Якби я був на вашому місці ,я б порадився (consult) з батьками. 6. Він так змінився! Якби ви його зустріли, ви б його не впізнали. 7. Шкода, що ви прийшли так пізно. 8. Шкода, що і вчора у мене було мало часу. 9. Я впевнена, що всі були б раді,якби

вечір відбувся. 10. Ви б багато знали, якби регулярно читали цей журнал.