Практическое занятие 11.

Задание 1. Разделитесь на две команды. Каждая из команд должна проанализировать изложенные ниже факторы, на которые должен обратить внимание переводчик в своей работе, и расположить их в порядке важности для профессионального переводчика. Сравните полученные результаты.

1) Законодательство, регламентирующее переводы

2) Этические нормы, опубликованные организациями переводчиков

3) Теоретические рассуждения об общих этических и профессиональных нормах, регламентирующих работу переводчика

4) Теоретические исследования конкретных переводческих проблем при работе с конкретными языковыми парами; сравнительные грамматические справочники

5) Справочники по грамматике отдельных языков

6) Словари, глоссарии, базы данных терминов

7) Ранее выполненные переводы и другие материалы, полученные от заказчика, из базы данных или библиотеки

8) Советы экспертов и информация, полученная от людей, работавших в предметной области или имеющих надежную информацию из другого источника.

Задание 2. Переведите текст.

Open-source software

Open-source software is computer software whose source code is put into the public domain, subject to the restriction that any improvements or derived software also include the source code and be put into the public domain. Open source refers to both a model of software development and an ideology of intellectual property. The word open indicates that the program's source code - the normally hidden computer code that makes a program work - is accessible to anyone. This means much more than the ability of users to peek behind the scenes at the code; it means that anyone can modify and redistribute the code, without paying a royalty or licensing fee, so long as the modified version is also open - a restriction known as “copyleft.” In practice, this means that hundreds or even thousands of programmers may freely contribute to the development of some software in the public domain.

Open source originated with the development of the UNIX operating system. In 1975 Richard M. Stallman, then at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Artificial Intelligence Lab, released an open-source version of his UNIX text editor Emacs onto ARPANET (the precursor to the Internet). Stallman encouraged users to examine the source code and modify it, so long as they notified him of their extensions to the program and any “bug” fixes. Stallman followed this up by resigning from MIT in 1984 to found the GNU Project to develop a completely free operating system. In 1985 he formed the Free Software Foundation to help fund and direct the development of open software, and the next year he devised the General Public License (GPL), the basic legal document covering open-source software. More than a guru for open source, Stallman personally wrote many of the fundamental tools necessary for writing further code.

By 1991 personal computers (PCs) were becoming prevalent and with them the desire for an open-source PC operating system. That year Linus Torvalds, a Finnish computer science student, using tools from the GNU Project and following the GPL, posted the first version of the Linux operating system on the Internet. Torvalds released new versions of Linux on a weekly and sometimes daily basis, incorporating user bug fixes and suggestions as he went along. In the Linux development process, Torvalds was more like the conductor of an orchestra than a typical project manager. He used the vast number of programmers on the Internet as his labour force. Although the volunteer programmers did not earn any money, they did earn respect and enhanced reputations as their skills in solving particular problems became known. When companies began to sell Linux in the late 1990s, they charged only for the support they provided.

In 1995 another successful open-source software was introduced, the Apache World Wide Web server; it continues to power some 65 percent of the sites on the Internet. Nevertheless, open-source software has not always been successful. In 1998 Netscape Communications Corporation, made the source code of its once ubiquitous Web browser, Navigator, freely available. Since the release in 1995 of Microsoft Corporation's free Internet Explorer browser, Netscape's market share had dwindled precipitously. The development of an open-source version of Navigator ran into numerous delays, and the browser never recovered its former market share.

Many governments, including that of the United States, have expressed a growing unease with proprietary software. Governments question whether it is wise to design a database or computer system for national security purposes that is based on software that cannot be accessed or modified. Proponents of open source assert that security is best provided by software that has been tested in the real world—over the Internet—and subject to the level of scrutiny that open source undergoes. Nevertheless, the commercial viability of open source remains unclear. Can firms profit from selling something they cannot own? Furthermore, the community spirit behind open source—and its ideology of sharing information—has begun to run into legal challenges as corporations have sought to restrict the dissemination of unauthorized open-source software that allows users to view copyrighted material. The future of the open-source movement remains bright, if somewhat hazy.