Infertility

Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term. There are many reasons why a couple may not be able to conceive, or may not be able to conceive without medical assistance.

Infertility is one of the severe disorders both for male and female because both of them can hardly experience this state. It is necessary to differentiate absolute infertility when there are deep unreversable changes which make conceiving impossible and relative infertility when the causes giving it rise may be irradicated.

Besides one should distinguish primary and secondary infertility. Primary infertility is a disease when a female has never had pregnancies and secondary one is difficulty of conceiving after already having conceived and carried a normal pregnancy. Apart from various conditions (e.g. hormonal ), this may come as a result of age and stress, impossibility to provide a sibling for their first child.

A couple considers to be infertile if:

• they have not conceived after 12 months or after 6 months if the woman is over 35 years of age.

• there is incapability to carry a pregnancy to term.

General factor relating to female infertility are diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, adrenal disease and common diseases such as significant liver, kidney insufficiency, different female sphere disorders, disturbances of genitourinary tract and various psychological factors.

Factors relating to male infertility include endocrine problems, hypothalamic disorders, genetic deffects, neoplasm, trauma, infectious diseases such as mumps, different psycological factors, indulgence to drugs, alcohol.

In the majority of cases of male infertility no clear cause can be identified with current diagnostic methods.

In some cases, both the man and woman may be infertile or sub-fertile, and the couple's infertility arises from the combination of these conditions. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance.

Prevention

• Some cases of infertility may be avoided by doing the following:

• Avoid drugs and medications known to cause fertility problems.

• Avoid excessive exercise.

• Avoid exposure to environmental hazards such as pesticides.

• Get early treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.

• Have regular physical examinations to detect early signs of infections or abnormalities.

• Keep diseases, such as diabetes and hypothyroidism, under control.

• Avoid smoking.

• Limit caffeine and alcohol intake.

• Practice stress management.

• Use birth control to prevent unwanted pregnancy and abortion.

In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. In closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by the couple) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment. To avoid this feeling a couple should apply to a psycologist.

P O S T – T E X T A S S I G N M E N T

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What is infertility?

What is absolute infertility caused by?

May relative infertility be irradicated?

What is primary infertility?

When is a couple considered to be infertile?

What are factors of female infertility?

What are factors of male infertility?

What are the ways of avoiding infertility?

What are preventable measures of infertility?

What are the causes of infertility?

Exercise 8. Give Еnglish equivalents and make up 5 sentences with them:

невозможность забеременеть естественным путем; глубокие необратимые изменения; устранять причины; быстрый спад фертильности (плодовитости); невозможность выносить беременность; значительные нарушения печени; накопление репродуктивных ошибок; заболевания, передающиеся половым путем; выявлять начальные признаки инфекции; профилактика нежелательной беременности; характерный признак; ограничивать прием.

Exercise 9. Chose the verbs to be used with the nouns:

To conceive, to carry, to receive, to have, to get, to control, to limit, to reveal, to cause, to follow

A child, a medical assistance, treatment, pregnancy, regimen, unreversable changes, disease, physical examination, ( smoking, alcohol) intake, inflammation, initial signs.

Exercise 10. Read the sentences and say whether they are true to the text.

1. Infertility is one of the severe disorders both for male and female.__________

2. Absolute infertility is when there are changes in human body which make conceiving impossible._____________

3. Primary infertility is a disorder when a female has some pregnancies._____________

4. Secondary infertility is a state when a female has already had one pregnancy._____________

5. Many factors influence male infertility. They are chill, fever, severe headaches, different intestinal disturbances.______________

6. In some cases both man and woman may be infertile and the couple’s infertility arises from combinations of this condition._____________

7. Smoking and alcohol intake don’t influence both male and female infertility.______________

Exercise 11. Insert the preposition where necessary:

1. Infertility is inability to carry pregnancy … term.

2. The patient has an indulgence … drugs that’s why he has to be … a constant doctor’s control.

3. No clear cause can be identified … current diagnostic method.

4. The pathogens causing this infections circulate … blood or lymph and are not discharged … the organism.

5. Direct contact and various things belonging … the sick person may be responsible … spreading the infective agent.

6. Continuous haemorrhage causes decrease … red blood cell count.

7. The doctor saw typical signs … intoxication associated … the overdose … this poisonous drug appearing gradually.

Exercise 12. Translate into English:

1. Бесплодие – это невозможность забеременеть естественным путем. 2. Абсолютное бесплодие – это состояние, когда имеются глубокие необратимые изменения в здоровье мужчины или женщины. 3. Относительное бесплодие – это состояние, когда причины, вызвавшие его, могут быть устранены. 4. Основные причины, относящиеся к женскому бесплодию, - это эндокринные проблемы, заболевания щитовидной железы, болезни надпочечников, нарушения мочеполовой системы и другие. 5. В большинстве случаев мужское бесплодие включает такие заболевания как сахарный диабет, генетические повреждения, травму, инфекционные заболевания, такие как паротит, скарлатина, корь и другие.

Exercise 13. Read the text. Tell about:

absolute and relative infertility;

primary and secondary infertility;

prevention of male infertility;

prophylaxis of female infertility.

Exercise 14. Give summary of the text.

TEST 1

1. Infertility is the ... to naturally conceive a child.

a) ability

b) possibility

c) inability

d) impossibility

e) responsibility

2. Absolute infertility is when there are ... which make pregnancy impossible.

a) concomitant diseases

b) deep unreversable changes

c) severe disorders

d) significant liver insufficiency

e) various psychological factors

3. We know antibiotics ... in treating inflammations.

a) to be effective

b) are effective

c) is efficient

d) was effective

e) will be efficient

4. The students watched the professor ... the patient.

a) will examine

b) examines

c) inspects

d) was examining

e) to examine

5. What... absolute infertility... by?

a) is caused

b) cause

c) do cause

d) is causing

e) was causing

6. What... preventable measures of infertility?

a) is

b) do

c) did

d) are

e) does

7. The patient with acute phaiyngitis usually complaints of tension in the …

a) ear

b) nose

c) heart

d) uvula

e) throat

8. The patient ... to fallow home treatment

a) to be allowed

b) allow

c) has been allowed

d) is allowed

e) allows

9. The patient is recommended to gargle his throat... a warm solution of sodium bicarborbonate.

a) about

b) with

c) above

d) over

e) to

10. When the patient... from high fever he needs more liquids than usual.

a) suffers

b) to suffer

c) has been suffered

d) is suffered

e) was suffered

TEST 2

1. Infertility is the ... to naturally conceive a child.

a) ability

b) possibility

c) inability

d) impossibility

e) responsibility

2. Absolute infertility is when there are ... which make pregnancy impossible.

a) concomitant diseases

b) deep unreversable changes

c) severe disorders

d) significant liver insufficiency

e) various psychological factors

3. We know antibiotics ... in treating inflammations.

a) to be effective

b) are effective

c) is efficient

d) was effective

e) will be efficient

4. The students watched the professor ... the patient.

a) will examine

b) examines

c) inspects

d) was examining

e) to examine

5. What... absolute infertility ... by?

a) is caused

b) cause

c) do cause

d) is causing

e) was causing

6. What... preventable measures of infertility?

a) is

b) do

c) did

d) are

e) does

7. What are the ways of avoiding male infertility?

a) to keep bed regimen

b) to use hot bath

c) to check blood pressure regularly

d) to examine sputum

e) to have regular physical examination

8. What is a cause of infertility?

a) liver insufficiency

b) genetic cause

c) heart disease

d) ulcer of the stomach

e) digestion disorders

9. The couple can't have a child ... assistance.

a) without b)by

c) along with

d) with

e) through

10. Infertility is one of the severe disorders both ... male and female.

a) to

b) in

c) at

d) of

e) for

1 7 . T E T A N U S

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Bacillus [bə ' siləs]

Tetanus ['tetənəs]

Mown [moun]

Vague [veig]

Nightmare [nait meə]

Delirious [di 'liriəs]

Lockjaw [lokdʒ:]

Trismus [trizməs]

Height [hait]

Drawing [dr:iŋ]

Clenched [klentt]

Protruded [prə 'tru:did]

Opisthotonus [ou 'pisqə…]

Seizure ['si: ə]

Afebrile [ei 'fi:bril]

Ensue [in ' sju:]

Lessening [lesəniŋ]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Bacillus (pl. bacilli) бацилла, палочковидная бактерия

Vague неопределённый, нечёткий, неясный

Nightmare кошмарное сновидение

To become delirious становиться безумным, иступленным

Lockjaw тризм челюсти, столбняк

Trismus тризм (тоническое сокращение жевательных мышц)

Height of disease разгар (пик) болезни

To draw up вытягивать

Clenched крепко сжатый, стиснутый, скреплённый

Protruded выступивший вперёд, (lips) выпяченные губы

Opisthotonus опистотонус (тоническое сокращение мышц спины

и шеи с запрокидыванием головы и вытягиванием

конечностей)

Seizure приступ, пароксизм, припадок

Afebrile безлихорадочный

To ensue происходить, получаться в результате, следовать

To lessen уменьшать (ся)

Exercise 3. Read words paying attention to the rules of reading:

1. (c,s,t, before ia, ie, io [  ])

Social, sufficient, remission, initial, patient, Russian, commission, artificial, potential, official, special, profession, facial, essential, permission, insufficient, motion, deficiency.

2. age as a suffix [dʒ ]: village, cartilage, hemorrhage, bandage, language, usage, dosage, damage, lavage, carriage, marriage.

Exercise 4. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate them into Russian:

Dis – like, function, connect, agree, locate, lodge, maturity, section, solvent.

Ir – regular, responsible, relevant, resistible, radiation, reversible, reducible.

Im – possible, practical, mobile, moral, balance, maturity, potency, purity.

Un – necessary, reliable, fortunately, consciousness, dress, infected, mixed.

Mal – formation, nutrition, occlusion, position, treatment, presentation, rotation.

Exercise 5. Read the words with the same root. State the part of speech and translate them in to Russian:

Face – facial, slow – slowly; connect – connection; pelvis – pelvic; compose – composition; rapid – rapidly; base – basic; recover – recovery; remove – removal; survive – survival; tender – tenderness, restless – restlessness; breath – breathing.

Exercise 6. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones. Make up the sentences of your own.

On an average, powerful poison, to be unable to open the mouth, typical facial expression, difficulty in urination, in the majority of cases, to gain entrance into the body, painful spasms, to become affected, to draw up the angles of the mouth, to be tightly clenched, to be slightly protruded, to be accompanied by severe pain, to run a fever as high as, severity.

Exercise 7. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:

1. tetanus 2. tetany 3. toxin 4. urination 5. spasm 6. trismus

1. Spasm of the jaw muscles, keeping the jaw tightly closed. 2. An acute infectious disease, affecting the nervous system, caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. 3. The periodic discharge of urine from the bladder through the urethra. 4. Spasm and twitching of the muscles, particularly those of the face, hands, and feet. 5. A poison produced by a living organism, especially by a bacterium. 6. A sustained involuntary muscular contraction, which may occur either as part of a generalized disorder, such as a spastic paralysis, or as a local response to an otherwise unconnected painful condition.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the sentences with construction: one (ones), that of (those of).

The condition of patient V. is worse than that of patient C.

The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in the beck.

The bones of the lower extremities are longer than those of the upper ones.

This lecture is more interesting than the one I attended last week.

The walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right.

Some muscles are more elastic than the other ones.

I will examine your patient and that of Dr. Ivanov.

The wards in the new hospital are better equipped than those in our old one.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:

TETANUS

Tetanus is an acute infectious disease characterized by painful spasms of the muscles and caused by the Bacillus tetani which gains entrance into the body through a wound or break in the skin. The tetanus bacillus produces a toxin which is one of the most powerful poisons mown.

The incubation period varies on an average from 5 to 15 days. In general, the shorter the incubation period the more serious is the disease. The earliest symptoms are vague. The patient is restless, irritable; he suffers from nightmare, and may become delirious. Severe headache, difficulty in urination, and sweating may be noted. In the majority of cases following a short period when there is pain in the back of the neck and in the muscles of the jaw, a tonic spasm of the masticating muscles occurs so that the patient is unable to open his mouth, producing the characteristic picture known as lockjaw (trismus). Gradually all muscles of the body become affected except those of the forearm and of the hand. At the height of the disease there occurs the typical facial expression known as risus sardonicus, where the patient appears to be laughing, due to the drawing up of the angles of the mouth. The brows are contracted, the eyes partly closed, the teeth are clenched tightly and the lips are slightly protruded. The body is arched in the position known as opisthotonus. Upon the slightest stimulus the entire body may go into a convulsive seizure of the utmost severity, accompanied by severe pain.

There is no characteristic temperature; the patient may be afebrile or ran a fever as high as 104°F during the attacks.

Death may ensue within the first 48 hours or at any time up to one week after onset. If the patient survives the first week, his chances of recovery are greatly improved, the spasms gradually lessening in frequency and severity.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise10. Answer the following questions.

What can tetanus be characterized by?

What is tetanus caused by?

What is toxin?

What is the incubation period of tetanus?

What are the symptoms of tetanus?

When does a tonic spasm of masticating muscles occur?

How can you describe such typical facial expression known Risus Sardonicus?

When may death ensue in tetanus?

When are the changes of recovery greatly improved?

How does Bacillus tetani gain entrance into the body?

Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences using the text.

Tetanus is an acute infectious disease characterized by …

… which gains entrance into the body through a wound or break in the skin.

The incubation period varies…

Severe headache, difficulty in urination, and sweating …

The patient is unable to open his mouth, producing the …

Gradually all muscles of the body become … of the forearm and of the hand.

… there occurs the typical facial expression known as risus sardonicus.

The body … known as opisthotonus.

The patient may be …during the attacks.

Death may ensue within … after onset.

Exercise 12. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:

Tetanus is an acute inherited disease characterized by painful spasms of the muscles.

Tetanus is caused by the Bacillus tetani which gains entrance into the body through the blood.

The tetanus bacillus produces a toxin.

The incubation period varies on an average from 15 to 25 days.

Gradually all muscles of the body become affected inclusive those of the forearm and of the hand.

The typical facial expression known as risus sardonicus, where the patient appears to be crying, due to the drawing up of the angles of the mouth.

The body is arched in the position known as opisthotonus.

There is no characteristic temperature; the patient may be afebrile or ran a fever as high as 40,00°C during the attacks.

Exercise 13. Translate the following word combinations. Make up sentences of your own.

Сопровождаться сильной болью, спазм жевательных мышц, проникать через разрыв кожи, тоническое сокращение мышщ спины и шеи с запрокидыванием головы и вытягиванием конечностей, характерная картина болезни, постепенно уменьшаться в частоте и тяжести, инкубационный период болезни, сильно сжатые зубы, пик болезни

Exercise 14. Translate into English, using Complex Subject Construction.

Известно, что столбняк является острым хроническим заболеванием, которое характеризуется болезненными спазмами мышц.

Оказывается, что при столбняке Bacillus tetani проникает в организм через рану или через разрыв кожи.

Инкубационный период болезни меняется в среднем от 5 до 15 дней.

Первичными симптомами столбняка, вероятно, будут возбужденное состояние, раздражительность, кошмарные сновидения, и делирий.

Говорят, что в разгар болезни, у пациента часто случалось типичное выражение лица, известное как risus sardonicus.

При столбняке повышение температуры обычно не наблюдается.

Смерть может наступить в течение 48 часов или же в любое время после начала приступа.

Несомненно, шансы у пациента на выздоровление увеличатся, если он выживет в первую неделю.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.

Tetanus is an acute infectious disease characterized by painful spasms of the muscles and caused by the Bacillus tetani.

The Bacillus tetani gains entrance into the body through a wound or break in the skin.

The tetanus bacillus produces a toxin which is one of the most powerful poisons mown.

The patient is restless, irritable and suffers from nightmare, and may become delirious.

Gradually all muscles of the body become affected except those of the forearm and of the hand.

At the height of the disease there occurs the typical facial expression known as risus sardonicus.

The patient appears to be laughing, due to the drawing up of the angles of the mouth.

The patient may be afebrile or ran a fever as high as 104°F during the attacks.

Death may ensue within the first 48 hours or at any time up to one week after onset.

The incubation period varies on an average from 5 to 15 days.

Exercise 16. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense. Translate them into Russian.

The tetanus bacilli (to produce) a toxin which is one of the most powerful poisons mown.

The incubation period is likely (to vary) on an average from 5 to 15 days in future.

The patient was restless, irritable; he (to suffer) from nightmare, and (to become) delirious.

At the height of the disease there (to occur) the typical facial expression known as risus sardonicus.

The brows (to contract), the eyes partly closed, the teeth (to clench) tightly and the lips (to protrude) slightly.

Now the patient’s body is reported (to arch) in the position known as opisthotonus.

Upon the slightest stimulus the entire body just (to go) into a convulsive seizure of the utmost severity, accompanied by severe pain.

It was said, that the patient (to ran) a fever as high as 104°F during the attacks for a weak.

Death is known may (to ensue) within the first 48 hours or at any time up to one week after onset.

If the patient survives the first week, his chances of recovery (greatly to improve), the spasms gradually (to lessen) in frequency and severity.

Exercise 17. Give the summary of the text.

Exercise 18. Topic vocabulary.

Nouns	Verbs	Adjectives
Recovery Severity Onset Seizure height of the disease lockjaw In the majority of break in the skin vague nightmare urination angles of the mouth sweating expression the muscles of the jaw headache wound	Lessen Improve Survive Ensue Accompany Gain Appear Occur To be due to To ran a fever To be characterized	Infectious Painful Powerful average serious restless irritable delirious Severe masticating characteristic unable laughing drawing up contracted clenched protruded utmost afebrile arched

TEST

1. Tetanus is an acute infectious disease characterized by painful spasms of the muscles and caused by the …which gains entrance into the body through a wound or break in the skin.

a. Bacillus anthrax

b. Bacillus tetani

c. Bacillus drumstick

d. Bacillus gas-producing

e. Bacillus Koch’s

2. The incubation period varies on an average… .

a. from 5 to 10 days

b. from 15 to 25 days

c. from 5 to 25 days

d. from 1 to 5 days

e. from 5 to 15 days

3. The patient is restless, irritable; …nightmare, and may become delirious.

a. he suffer from

b. he suffers from

c. he suffering from

d. he is suffering from

e. he suffered from

4. In the majority of cases following a short period when there is pain… , a tonic spasm of the masticating muscles occurs so that the patient is unable to open his mouth, producing the characteristic picture known as lockjaw (trismus).

a. in the back of the head and in the muscles of the jaw

b. in the back of the neck and in the muscles of the face

c. in the back of the neck and in the joints of the leg

d. in the back of the neck and in the muscles of the jaw

e. in the back of the head and in the muscles of the trunk

5. Gradually all muscles of the body become affected except …the forearm and of the hand.

a. that of

b. these of

c. this of

d. of those

e. those of

6. At the height of the disease there occurs the typical facial expression known as risus sardonicus, where…, due to the drawing up of the angles of the mouth.

a. the patient appears to be laughing

b. the patients appears to be laughing

c. the patient appears be laughing

d. the patient appears to laughing

e. the patient appears to be being laughing

7. …the slightest stimulus the entire body may go into a convulsive seizure of the utmost severity, accompanied by severe pain.

a. On

b. At

c. Before

d. In

e. Upon

8. There is no characteristic temperature; the patient may be afebrile or … during the attacks.

a. rans a fever as high as 104°F

b. ran a fever as high as 104°F

c. ranning a fever as high as 40°C

d. run a fever as high as 104°F

e. ran a fever as low as 104°F

9. Death may ensue … or at any time up to one week after onset.

a. in the first 28 hours

b. within the first 48 hour

c. within first 48 hours

d. within the first 48 hours

e. after the first 48 hours

10. …the first week, his chances of recovery are greatly improved, the spasms gradually lessening in frequency and severity.

a. If the patients survives

b. If the patient survives

c. If the patient survive

d. If the patient survived

e. If the patient to survive

1 8 . D I P H T H E R I A

PRE – TEXT ASSIGNMENT

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Deleterious [ delitiəriəs ], temperate [ 'tempərit ], throughout [θru(:)'aut ], susceptible [sə'səptəbl], menace [ 'menəs ], robust [ rəu'bΛst], faucial [ fə:siəl ], raw [rə:], myocarditis [maio(u)ka:daitis], mandatory [ 'mændətəri ], quarantine

['kwərənti:n ], successive [sək'sesiv ].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

fibrin – фибрин

deleterious – вредный , вредоносный

temperate – умеренный

dissemination – распространение

experience – испытывать

susceptible – восприимчивый

menace – угроза, опасность

predispose – предрасполагать

robust – крепкий, здоровый

pillar of fauces – небные дужки

dreadful – плохой, ужасный

apt to smth – склонный, подверженный

employment – использование, применение

stiffness – онемение, одеревенение, окостенелость

raw – лишенный кожи, свежий, чувствительный

mandatory – обязательный, принудительный

successive – следующий один за другим, последующий

culture – выращивание бактерий

Exercise 3. Match the following English word combinations with Russian ones:

1. absorbed by blood stream 1. распространяться при прямом контакте

2. produce deleterious effect on 2. внезапное начало

3. spread by direct contact 3. всасываться кровотоком

4. put in an appearance 4. производить вредное действие на

5. healthy carrier 5. по расположению

6. according to the distribution 6. появиться ненадолго

7. insidious onset 7. здоровый носитель

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following sentences. Define the form and function of Participle I in the sentences:

1. Looking at some case reports the doctor explained something to his assistants. 2. The student is examining the patient together with the doctor- in-charge. 3. As the patient complains of a severe headache the nurse is giving him some medicines. 4. Examining the patient the doctor noticed some changes in his recovery. 5. The moaning patient didn’t hear when the doctor on duty entered the ward.

Exercise 5. Find the Participles and explain their functions in the following sentences. Translate them.

1. The blood will have less oxygen combined with hemoglobin because the need of the active muscles has withdrawn more oxygen in a restful state. 2. Cardiac failure may be present when the heart is functioning at 90 per cent efficiency. 3. A drug extracted from a plant of the digitalis group is indicated in almost all cases of heart failure. 4. The diseased heart may have such a handicap as to be unable to move the blood satisfactory. 5. the patient received an adequate treatment with diphtheria antitoxin which contributed to the clearing up of the throat.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

DIPHTHERIA

Diphtheria is an acute contagious disease caused by specific organism bacillus diphtheria. It is characterized by local inflammation with fibrin formation of the mucous membranes, usually of the upper respiratory tract, with production of a toxin which when absorbed into the blood stream may produce deleterious effects on various parts of the body, especially the heart and peripheral nerves.

The disease exists throughout the world but is more common in temperate zones and during the colder months, autumn and winter. It is commonly spread by direct contact which must be fairly intimate. Dissemination by third objects such as clothes, toys, etc. may also occur and carriage by milk has been reported many times. Healthy carriers may disseminate the disease to susceptible persons and thus constitute a menace to public health. Children appear to be more liable to diphtheria than adults; although the most robust people may be attacked and those whose health is weakened by any cause are especially predisposed.

The incubation period is three to ten days. The disease may be divided into three main forms according to the anatomical distribution of the membrane: a) faucial or pharyngeal; b) laryngeal; c) nasal.

The onset of the disease is insidious with relatively moderate temperature reaction. In general, following an incubation period of about two days, symptoms set in like those commonly accompanying a cold. A slight feeling of uneasiness in the throat is experienced along with some stiffness of the back of the neck. The earliest objective manifestation of the disease is the formation of a thin film of fibrin on the tonsils which increases in thickness to form characteristic yellowish-white or grayish-white pseudomembrane. The throat appears to be reddened and somewhat swollen. If the pseudomembrane is forcibly removed, it is found to separate from the underlying true mucous membrane with difficulty and leaves a raw, bleeding surface on which in the untreated cases a fresh membrane rapidly reforms. The lesion tends to spread over the pillars and onto the soft palate and uvula. Hence any membranous formation on pharyngeal tissues should immediately be regarded as a suspicion of diphtheria.

Myocarditis is the most dreadful of all complications of diphtheria. It is due to direct action of the toxin on the heart muscle. Another severe complication is peripheral neuritis. It occurs in the form of paralysis affecting the soft palate and throat. Other forms of paralysis are paralysis of eye or even respiratory muscles, paralysis of a limb or both legs. These symptoms, however, after continuing for a variable length of time, almost always ultimately disappear.

The outcome of the disease depends mainly on one factor, namely, the early administration of adequate doses of antitoxin. Its employment in any recognized or even suspected case of diphtheria is mandatory and no physician can delay its administration. The second important measure is rest, the patient being kept strictly flat.

Patients suffering from diphtheria should be isolated for at least two weeks after the onset of the disease, and then until three successive cultures from the nose and throat taken not less than 48 hours apart are negative.

POST - TEXT ASSIGNMENT

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What is diphtheria caused by?

2. Is it contagious disease?

3. What is the disease characterized by?

4. Where is diphtheria more common?

5. Who is more liable to diphtheria?

6. What is the incubation period of the disease?

7. What are the main forms of diphtheria?

8. What are its main symptoms?

9. What are its main complications?

10.What does the outcome of the disease depend on?

Exercise 8. Translate into English and make up 5 sentences with them:

oстрое инфекционное заболевание, местное воспаление, всасываться кровотоком, слизистая оболочка, вредное воздействие, во всем мире, распространяться при непосредственном контакте, здоровый носитель, быть более подверженным, самые здоровые ( крепкие ) люди, быть особенно предрасположенным, появляться ненадолго, отложить назначение, по крайней мере, начало заболевания.

Exercise 9. Give English equivalents to the words in braсkets:

1. Diphtheria is an (острое инфекционное) disease.

2. It is characterized by (местным воспалением) with fibrin formation of the (слизистой оболочки) of the (верхних дыхательных путей).

3. The disease exists (по всему миру) but is more common (в умеренных зонах).

4. It is commonly spread (при прямом контакте).

5. Сhildren appear to be (более подвержены) to diphtheria than (взрослые).

6. Most (крепкие) people may be (инфицированы) and those whose health is weakened by any cause are especially (предрасположены).

7. The earliest objective (проявление) of the disease is the formation of (тонкой пленки на миндалинах).

8. If the pseudomembrane is forcibly removed, it leaves (свежую кровоточащую) surface.

9. (Исход заболевания) depends largely on one factor, namely, (назначения соответствующей дозы антитоксина).

10. Patients suffering from diphtheria should be (изолированы) for at least two weeks after (начала заболевания).

Exercise 10. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense:

1. Whom … the doctor … at the hospital every day? (treat)

2. What … you … now? (study)

3. What … the surgeon already …? (transfuse)

4. What … the surgeon … for two hours? (perform)

5. What … the lecturer … yesterday at 3 o’clock? (report on)

6. What … you … to do before you saw me? (decide)

7. What … the nurse … for an hour before the surgeon began the operation? (sterilize)

8. What … you … tomorrow at 6 o’clock? (do)

9. What … you … tomorrow? (take part in)

10. How many patients … the doctor … tomorrow by 5 p.m.? (hospitalize)

Exercise 11. Speak on following items:

Epidemiology of diphtheria.

Symptomatology.

Treatment.

Complications.

Quarantine.

Exercise 12. Compose a case history using the key words:

To be admitted to the hospital, to complain of, on physical examination, symptoms, to reveal, laboratory findings, antitoxin treatment, the course of the disease, convalescence.

Exercise 13. Give summary of the text.

TEST

1. Diphtheria is an acute contagious disease ... by specific organism bacillus diphtheria.

a) is caused

b) caused

c) causes

d) has been caused

e) causing

2. The disease .. .throughout the world.

a) exists

b) existed

c) exist

d) is existing

e) was existing

3. The incubation period .., days.

a) 1-2

b) 7 to 9

c) 30

d) 3 to 10

e) 5 to 10

4. A thin film of fibrin on the tonsils forms characteristic .., pseudomembrane.

a) yellowish-white

b) white

c) greyish

d) bluish

e) bleeding

5. Children ... to be more liable to diphtheria.

a) appears

b) appeared

c) is appeared

d) appear

e) appearing

6. The lesion ... to spread over the pillars and onto the soft palate.

a) tend

b) tending

c) is tended

d) to tend

e) tends

7. What ... the outcome of the disease depend on?

a) will

b) would

c) does

d) did

e) do

8 The disease may be divided ... 3 main forms.

a) to

b) into

c) for

d) in

e) at

9. Peripheral neuritis occurs in the forms of... affecting the soft palate and throat.

a) inflammation

b) disorder

c) insufficiency

d) paralysis

e) affliction

10. The outcome of the disease depends mainly on one factor, namely, the early administration of…

a) antibiotic

b) vaccine

c) laxative

d) expectorant

e) antitoxin

1 9 . M A L A R I A

PRE – TEXT ASSIGNMENT

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Parasite ['pærəsait], swamp [swəmp], gnat [næt], endeavour [in'devə], tertian ['tə:∫ (ə) n], quartan ['kwə:tn], eventually [iventjuəli], heap [hi:p], height [hait], duly ['djuli], quinine [ 'kwini:n ], drastic [ 'dræstik ].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

swamp – болото, топь

pool – пруд, лужа

gnat – комар, гнус

flourish – процветать

endeavour – прилагать усилия, стараться

tertian – трехдневная лихорадка с приступом на 3й день

quartan – четырехдневная лихорадка с приступом на 4й день

respectively – соответственно

offspring – потомок

eventually – в конце концов

betake – отправляться

heap – нагромождать

flush – внезапный прилив

height – пик

break out – появляться, покрываться

duly – своевременно

drastic – радикальный

locality – местность, территория

sanitate – подвергать санитарной обработке

servey – осмотр

Exercise 3. Match the following word combinations:

Onset of the attack – 1. своевременно назначенное лечение

Course of the disease – 2. радикальная мера

Duly administered treatment – 3. проводить санитарную обработку

территории

Drastic measure – 4. осмотр населения

To sanitate locality – 5. начало приступа

Survey of population – 6. течение заболевания

A cause of the disease – 7. пик болезни

A height of the disease – 8. причина заболевания

Exercise 4. Write out irregular verbs from the text. Give their three forms, translate them.

Exercise 5. Choose one or more adjectives from the list B to modify nouns from the list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language.

List A: complications, measures, treatment, stage, form, climate, gland, headache, attack.

List B: drastic, duly, sweating, salivary, tropical, severe, administered, hot, tertian, temperate, endocrine, thyroid, bad, malarial.

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian paying Attention to the Complex Subject:

1.The disease is known to exist all round the world. 2. It has long been noticed that gnats seem to flourish together with malaria. 3. The temperature is found to be considerably raised in this patient. 4. Some metastatic liver lesions are found to displace vessels. 5. The drug appears to produce no side effect and can by all means be recommended. 6. Obesity is known to run in familie, but the means by which this is achieved has long been a subject of dispute. 7. Patients with perforated ulcers are known to complain of an acute pain in the stomach.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using Complex Subject:

1. Как оказалось, значительно уменьшенный вес и сильная лихорадка являются признаками тяжелого заболевания. 2. Вакцина оказалась безопасной. 3. Ожидается, что клинические испытания начнутся следующей весной. 4. Оказалось, что у больного аллергия к антибиотикам. 5. Известно, что молочные продукты содержат 100 различных веществ, полезных для человека. 6. Известно, что продвижение пищи по кишечнику может длиться от 12 до 72 часов. 7. Оказалось, что характерными клиническими проявлениями заболевания являются кровотечение, рвота и тошнота.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text:

MALARIA

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the presence in the human blood of the Plasmodium malariae.

The disease is known to exist all round the world but is chiefly found in tropical climates spreading here and there into temperate regions where it occurs in summer and autumn. The presence of swamps, pools are also important factors. It has long been noticed that gnats or as they called in the tropics mosquitoes seem to flourish together with malaria and several scientists endeavoured to establish a connection between the two.

There are three main kinds of malarial parasites to be distinguished; those causing the tertian, the quartan and the tropical forms of malaria respectively. The malarial parasite, Plasmodium malaria, passes one phase of its lifecycle in man (the asexual phase) and the other in the stomach and tissues of the mosquito (the sexual phase). After its development in the mosquito’s stomach the resulting offspring eventually find their way into the mosquito’s salivary glands. When the infected female mosquito bites a human being these parasites enter human red blood corpuscles.

The acute malarial attacks have in general three stages. These are the cold stage, the hot stage and the sweating stage.

The cold stage begins with a feeling of chilliness even in the hottest weather. This increases till the person has to betake him to bed and heap himself with clothes, face and nails being blue and the whole body shaken with shivering. Nevertheless the temperature is found to be considerably raised. This stage lasts an hour or less.

The hot stage comes on as the temperature of the body rises, beginning with hot flushes which lengthen till the body feels burning hot, the temperature rising to 40’ or 41’C. There are also headache, sickness, pains throughout the body and sometimes even delirium. This stage may last several hours.

The sweating stage comes on after the fever reaches its height, as the temperature begins to fall. Profuse perspiration breaks out, the person begins to feel better, and the headache and pains at the same time pass off. Finally after three or four hours the patient feels quite well though much weakened.

Having gone through the three stages of a malarial attack patients feel recovered until the onset of the next attack.

Severe vomiting and diarrhea may sometimes complicate the course of the disease. Duly administered treatment with quinine or other preparations as a rule soon interrupts the course of malarial attacks.

As it is generally known that “prevention is better than cure” drastic measures should be taken to sanitate localities, to reduce the number of mosquitoes, to detect carriers and to carry out the survey of the population.

POST – TEXT ASSIGNMENT

Exercise 9. Answer the following questions:

What is malaria caused by?

Where is the disease chiefly found?

Do gnats seem to flourish together with malaria?

What are the three main forms of malaria?

When do the parasites enter human red blood corpuscles?

What three stages have the acute malarial attacks?

What are the symptoms of the cold stage?

What is characterized by hot flushes?

When does the fever reach its height?

What complicates the disease?

What preventive measures should be taken?

Exercise 10. Translate into English the following word combinations. Make up 5 sentences with them:

установить связь между чем-либо, даже в самую жаркую погоду, отправляться в постель, надевать много одежды, трястись от дрожи, гореть от жары, боль по всему телу, чувствовать себя довольно хорошо, чувствовать себя выздоровевшим, своевременно назначенное лечение медицинскими препаратами, радикальная мера, проводить санитарную обработку территории, пик болезни.

Exercise 11. Is it true or false?

1. Malaria is a chronic disease.

2. There are many kinds of malarial parasites.

3. The disease is chiefly found in temperate climate.

4. Gnats seem to flourish together with malaria.

5. The acute malarial attacks have in general three stages.

6. The main complications of the disease are blindness and heart failure.

7. Having gone through the three stages of a malarial attack patients feel recovered until the onset of the next attack.

8. It is better to cure than to prevent the disease.

Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. Translate the sentences.

1. All infectious diseases are similar … origin. 2. The findings of the intradermal tests proved to be … great diagnostic importance. 3. The patient’s sensitivity … penicillin should be studied before the treatment is begun. 4. Much progress has been achieved … treating bronchial asthma … the last few years. 5. The child was noted to be allergic … definite inhalant preparations. 6. … the most severe attacks … bronchial asthma hormonotherapy may be used. 7. Digoxin is suggested … patients … symptomatic heart failure due to systolic dysfunction.

Exercise 13. Write down the verbs using given suffixes. Translate the verbs.

ize: general, local, sterile, character, special.

en: thick, wide, deep, strength, weak.

Exercise 14. Make up a plan of the text.

Exercise 15. Give a summary of the text.

TEST

1 .The disease ... to exist all round the world.

a. are known

b. know

c. knew

d. is known

e. to be known

2. The drug ... to produce no side effect.

a. to be appeared

b. is appeared

c. appear

d. appears

e. are appeared

3. There are... main kinds of malarial parasites to be distinguished.

a. 2

b. 4

c. 3

d. 5

e. 1

4. When the infected female mosquito bites a human being parasites enter

a. red blood corpuscles

b. ear

c. human body

d. white blood corpuscles e.lungs

5. The cold stage begins with a feeling of ... even in the hottest weather.

a. fever

b. chilliness

с perspiration

d. vomiting

e. headache

6. Where ... the disease chiefly ...?

a. does...find

b. are ... found с do... find

d. have been found

e. is... found

7. When ... the fever ... its height?

a. have... reached

b. are ... reached

c. does... reach

d. do... reach

e. is... reaching

8. Having gone ... the three stages of a malarial attack patients feel recovered until the onset of the next attack.

a. for

b. into

c. from

d. of

e. through

9. Duly administrated treatment ...quinine interrupts the course of malarial attack.

a. by

b. for

c. of

d. with

e. without

10. As it is generally known preventive measures should be taken to sanitate localities, to reduce the number of mosquitoes, ...

a. to carry out the survey of the population

b. to treat the patients

c. to examine the healthy carriers

d. to administer duty treatment

e. to prescribe drugs

2 0 . V A C C I N A T I O N

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Pathogens [ ' pæәdәnz]

Weakened [' wi:kәnd]

Targeted [' tα: gitid]

Immunization [imjunai 'zeiәn]

Effort [ ' efәt]

Mercury ['m:kjuri]

Attenuated [ә' tenjuәtid]

Species ['spi: i:z]

Vaccine ['v æksi:n]

Azheimer’s [ ' ælts haimәz]

Pasteur [pæ 'st:]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Pathogen болезнетворный микроорганизм или

фактор; возбудитель

with the intent с целью

related родственный, связанный

targeted прицельный, плановый, контрольный

inoculation инокуляция, посев, прививка, вакцинация

compulsion побуждение, принуждение

spectacular эффектный

to assert утверждать

induction вызывание, возбуждение

closely-related близкородственный

strain штамм

exposure экспозиция

on exposure при воздействии

to a degree очень, значительно

rabid бешеный

to trigger начинать, вызывать

reliably в полной мере

hypodermic подкожный

Polio полиомиелит

Exercise 3. Form and translate the new words by adding:

Sub- divide, tropical, class, coetaneous, costal, family, mucous

Inter- costal, national, muscular, vertebral, ventricular, vascular

Exercise 4. Read and translate the words with the following suffixes and give some more examples of your own:

realize, recognize, criticize, generalize

sufficiency, urgency, persistency, emergency

distant, present, absent, dependent

badness, coldness, whiteness, redness

associative, connective, preventive, investigative

Exercise 5. Translate the given words with same root:

Condition, conditioned, unconditioned; protect, protective, protection; production, productive, produce; add, addition, additional; developed, developing, development.

Exercise 6. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones and make up the sentences of your own.

the incidence of many diseases; the eradication of smallpox; widespread acceptance; mercury derivatives; the administration of one or more immunogens; closely-related species; to be beneficial to a degree; essential empiricism; immune response; post-exposure immunisation to Rabies; by hypodermic injection; to be not absorbed reliably through the gut; in order to produce immunity.

Exercise 7. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:

1. inoculation 2. immunization 3. immunity 4. vaccine 5. vaccination 6. autism 7. pathogen

1. A means of producing immunity to a disease by using vaccine, or a special preparation of antigenic material, to stimulate the formation of appropriate antibodies. 2. A rare psychiatric disorder of childhood, with the onset before the age of 2, 5 years. It is marked by severe difficulties in communicating and forming relationship with other people, in developing language, etc. 3. The introduction of a small quantity of material, such as a vaccine, in the process of immunization: a more general name for vaccination. 4. The body’s ability to resist infection, afforded by the presence circulating antibodies and white blood cells. 5. A microorganism, such as a bacterium, that parasitizes an animal (or plant) or man and produces a disease. 6. A special preparation of antigenic material that can be used to stimulate the development of antibodies and thus confer active immunity against a specific disease or number of diseases. 7. The production of immunity by artificial means. The material used for immunization may consist of live bacteria or viruses so treated that they are harmless.

Exercise 8. Revise the grammar material. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the sentences with Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive.

Model:

1. He cannot have known it. (не может быть)

2. Can he have known it? (неужели?)

3. He may have known it. (может быть; возможно)

4. He must have known it. (должно бать; вероятно)

1. Can such a serious complication have occurred in this case?

2. The disease can’t have developed so quickly.

3. The pain may not have been controlled yet?

4. The doctor may have administered this patient a light diet.

5. The nurse must have already given the injection.

6. His vision must have been checked up last week.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text: