3.Переклад як засіб комунікації. Види перекладацької діяльності. Письмовий та усний переклад. Послідовний та синхронний переклад. Машинний переклад: стан, перспективи.

Communicational theory of translation describes the process of translation as an act of special bilingual communication in which the translator act as a special communication intermediary, making it possible to understand a message sent in a different language. Translation

There are two main kinds of translation:

1. written (translation):

   • literary translation;

   • official documents.

2. oral (interpretation):

   • consecutive (chuchotage, at-sight interpretation);

   • simultaneous.

We can distinguish between written and oral translation. As the names suggest, in written translation the source text is in written form, as is the target text. In oral translation or interpretation the interpreter listens to the oral presentation of the original and translates it as an oral message in TL. As a result, in the first case the Receptor of the translation can read it while in the second case he hears it. The line of demarcation between written and oral translation is drawn not only because of their forms but also because of the sets of conditions in which the process takes place. The first is continuous, the other momentary. In written translation the original can be read and re-read as many times as the translator may need or like. The same goes for the final product. The translator can re-read his translation, compare it to the original, make the necessary corrections or start his work all over again. The conditions of oral translation impose a number of important restrictions on the translator's performance. Here the interpreter receives a fragment of the original only once and for a short period of time. His translation is also a one-time act with no possibility of any return to the original or any subsequent corrections. This creates additional problems and the users have sometimes; to be content with a lower level of equivalence.

There are two main kinds of oral translation — consecutive and simultaneous.

In consecutive translation the translating starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed. Here the interpreter's strategy and the final results depend, to a great extent, on the length of the segment to be translated. If the segment is just a sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech. He has to remember a great number of messages and keep them in mind until he begins his translation. To make this possible the interpreter has to take notes of the original messages.

In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed to be able to give his translation while the speaker is uttering the original message.

Machine translation (word-to-word translation) invented in 1949 by the American mathematic Weaver.

There are different approaches or methods of translation automation:

1. direct or icon method (encoding-decoding) is based on establishing a direct relationship between the source and target dictionary entries. The source and target texts are similar in form and conceptual content. It’s word-for-word translation. To improve the quality we use:

1. syntactic filters – logical frames.

2. Statistical ranking of translation equivalents – select the most probable ones for translation equivalents – select the most probable ones for the subject, discussed in text.

2. transfer-based method – grammars of the source and target languages are matched in the process of translation by a set of rules called transfer.

Steps of translation:

1. morphological analysis;

2. syntactic analysis;

3. transfer;

4. syntactic synthesis;

5. morphological synthesis.

3. pilot language-based machine translation.

Similar to #2, but also:

• involves all available linguistic information;

• applicable to any language (not just one concrete language pair).

statistical methods – presume that with certain probability each word of the target text be a translation of each word of the source language text.