13(C) Write interrogative sentences

a) He will have painted the picture by 3 o’clock.

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b) She will have written her diploma paper by December.

c) They will have come back by Monday.

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d) My aunt will have sent a parcel by the end of the week.

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e) My friend will have learnt the poem by Tuesday.

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f) We will have arrived by 2013.______________________________

g) They will have made their dream by the end of the course.

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13 (d) Translate from English into Russian

1 One of the guests has just fallen.

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2 The doctor hasn’t arrived yet.

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3 My sister hasn’t cleaned the bathroom yet.

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4 Our taxi hasn’t arrived yet.

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5 She had ordered the tickets before he called her.______________________

14 Passive voice.

Form.

We make the passive with the verb to be and a Past Participle.

Form

Present Simple Passive

Positive Question Negative

It	is	written.	Is	it	written?	It	is	not	written
They	are	written	Are	they	written?	They	are	not	written

Past Simple Passive

Positive Question Negative

It	was	written.	Was	it	written?	It	was	not	written
They	were	written	Were	they	written?	They	were	not	written

Future Simple Passive

Positive Negative

It	will	be	written.	It	will	not	be	written.
They	will	be	written.	They	will	not	be	written.

Question

Will	it	be	written?
Will	they	be	written?

e.g. Present – English is spoken in many countries.

Fossils are found in sedimentary rock.

e.g. Past –My bag was stolen.

The hard parts were buried under moist layers of mud or sand.

Future – The weather will be affected by the volcano.

We can use the passive in any tense. To make different tenses we change the verb to be.

	Past	Present	Future
Simple	Past Simple Passive was /were written	Present Simple Passive am/is/are written	Future Simple Passive will be written
Perfect	Past Perfect Passive had been written	Present Perfect Passive have/has written	Future Perfect Passive will have been written
Progressive	Past Progressive Passive was/were being written	Present Progressive Passive am/is/are being written	_________

- Future Simple Passive in the past - would be written

- We can use the passive with a modal verb.

We use a modal verb + be + past participle (V3)

e.g. Cars shouldn’t be parked there.

It can’t be done.

She must be told.

Present progressive – It is being made.

Present Perfect – Three people have been injured.

Past Progressive – It was being made.

Past perfect – It had been made.

Use.

• The passive is very common in English.

• We use it when we are more interested in the action than in who or what did it.

• If we want to show who or what does the action, we use by.

e.g. The term was coined by Vernandsky . The evidence is examined by forensic scientists.

• We usually use with when we talk about the thing we use to do the action (such as tools and equipment)

e.g. The wall was painted with a special paint.

When we talk about materials, we usually use of

e.g. That table is made of wood.

Look at this sentence:

S andy broke the window yesterday.

subject verb object

A sentence like this with subject +verb + object is called an active sentence or a sentence in the active voice.

• But we can turn it round, so the window comes at the beginning of the sentence. To do this we have to make it a passive sentence or put it into the passive voice.

There are five main steps:

1. Take the object of the first sentence and make it the subject our new sentence:

The window …

2. Add the verb to be in the same tense as in the active sentence (broke = past simple):

The window was…

3. Add the past participle of the verb in the active sentence

(broke broken):

The window was broken…

4. Add by + the subject of the first sentence (Sandy)

The window was broken by Sandy…

5. Finish off the sentence in the appropriate way.

The window was broken by Sandy yesterday.

• The passive is: noun/pronoun +be + past participle (by/with/of +noun)