Vocabulary notes

random случайный, беспорядочный, выбранный наугад at random наугад, наобум

trafficker торговец (обычно в отрицательном значении)

in addition to в дополнение к

venue I) судебный округ, в котором

должно слушаться дело; 2) ме­сто сбора, встречи

commodity 1) предмет потребления; 2) товар;

3) удобство

sуп. goods

stock exchange фондовая биржа

to comprise включать, заключать в себе, охватывать diversification 1) разнообразие; 2) вклад капитала в различные

по типу предприятия (США)

to manage руководить, управлять

fiduciary 1) доверенный, порученный;

2) основанный на общественном доверии

to smuggle 1) провозить контрабандой

to smuggle into 2) заниматься контрабандой

(out, through) a country

to smuggle a letter 3) тайно пронести письмо в

into a prison тюрьму

to shelter 1) приютить, дать приют, укрывать,

прикрывать; 2) спря­таться, укрыться collector 1) сборщик (налогов и т.п.);

2. коллекционер; 3) инкассатор

discount 1) скидка; 2) учет векселей;

2. проценты скидки, ставка учета

to handle 1) управлять, регулировать;

2) делать руками; 3) обращаться с entire полный, целый, цельный, совершенный disposition 1) расположение, размещение;

2) характер, нрав; 3) избавле­ние, продажа

to reap снимать урожай, жать, пожинать плоды network l) сеть, сетка; 2) сообщество;

3) радиотрансляционная сеть tough жесткий, плотный, упругий, стойкий tough criminal закоренелый преступник

tough problem трудноразрешимая проблема

tough customer человек, с которым трудно

иметь дело challenge I) вызов, сложная задача;

2) отвод (присяжных) peremptory challenge отвод без указания причины (в уголовных делах)

circulation 1) кругооборот, обращение;

2) денежное обращение;

3)тираж

competition соревнование, конкуренция

infiltration проникновение, просачивание

There are differences in the predicate offence in the criminal legislation of the members states. Some countries (Austria, Bel­gium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom) include in the predicate offences all sort of crimes, following the provisions of the 1990 Strasbourg Convention; some others (Denmark and Greece) have a list with specific categories of crimes and the other countries (Luxembourg, Spain and Portugal) criminalise money laundering derived from drug trafficking offences only.

These differences among member states in the range of predi­cate offences to which money laundering legislation is linked, pro­duce disparity in the prohibition of money laundering, legislations move towards the extension of the predicate crimes for the money laundering offence, including all categories of serious crimes, as recommended by Article 6, first paragraph, of the 1990 Strasbourg Convention, which obliges signatory states to criminalise the laun­dering of proceeds of «any criminal activity». Nevertheless, para­graph four of the same Article provides a clause of partial exemp­tion to this provision: according to it, each signatory state is al­lowed to limit the predicate offences to a specific list of serious crimes (for instance, organised crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, etc.). The request for exemption should be eliminated. This would move financial and credit sectors of European countries to extend the reporting provisions to all suspected money laundering activi­ties, independently of the typology of crimes. This development in the legislation will contribute to the improvement of the coopera­tion between financial institutions and law enforcement agencies.

There is recurring evidence in the country analysis of incressing shifts of suspected money laundering activities from regulated to unregulated sectors within the same state and between single mem­ber states. This trend is the result of the risk evaluation made by crime entrepreneurs; they obviously try to lower the risk of being detected.

The anti-money laundering preventive legislation of each mem­ber state must, therefore, be extended to eliminate the sectorial weaknesses. Measures will have to be studied to prevent certain sectors from remaining outside the field of the law and being possi­bly used for criminal purposes. It is necessary to pay attention to this extension. The risk of an overregulation is incumbent and ap­propriate measures should be studied for optimising the defence of the free market and the entrepreneurial activity from any unlawful actors, and the basic rules of free and equal competition character­ising it.