Unit 3 soil pollution

Pre-reading

Match the terms in A with their equivalents in B and study them.

А

В

*soil *mineral *material *agriculture *toxic *chemical *salt *disease-causing organisms *to degrade *to enhance *to treat *to occur *bacteria *to support *to destroy *runoff *to collapse * thriving * sterile

*ground; earth; *coal, tin, ore, gold etc. that comes from under the ground; *what you are working with; *farming; growing crops and keeping animals; *dangerous for any forms of life; *solid or liquid substance used in chemistry; *stuff like sand, chemical compounds , which can be obtained from reaction between basic and acid; *organisms which cause illness; * to reduce quality of something; *to make something more; *to try to cure an illness; *to happen *micro organism *to keep something or someone in need condition; *totally break or put an end to something; *something flow into anywhere; *to fall down; to break into pieces; *successful developing; * too clean;

Read the text “SOIL”.

SOIL

Soil is a mixture of minerals, plants, and animal materials. It is formed during a long process that may take thousands of years. It is necessary for most plant growth and is essential for all agricultural production. Soil pollution is a build-up of toxic chemical compounds, salts, pathogens (disease-causing organisms), or radioactive materials that can affect plant and animal life.

Unhealthy soil management methods have seriously degraded soil quality, caused soil pollution, and enhanced ecology problems. Treating the soil with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides interferes with the natural processes occurring within the soil and destroys useful organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and other micro organisms. For instance, strawberry farmers in California fumigate the soil with methyl bromide to destroy organisms that may harm young strawberry plants. This process indiscriminately kills even beneficial micro organisms and leaves the soil sterile and dependent upon fertilizer to support plant growth. These results in heavy fertilizer increase polluted runoff into lakes and streams.

Improper irrigation practices in areas with poorly drained soil may result in salt deposits that inhibit plant growth and may lead to crop failure. In 2000 BC, the ancient Sumerian cities of the southern Tigris-Euphrates Valley in Mesopotamia depended on thriving agriculture. By 1500 BC, these cities had collapsed largely because of crop failure due to high soil salinity. The same soil pollution problem exists today in the Indus Valley in Pakistan, the Nile Valley in Egypt, and the Imperial Valley in California.

A-GROUP EXERCISES

1. Write out all verb forms (there are 17 except verb to be), define their tense and give the infinitive.

Examples:

Have degraded – Present Perfect, Active Voice, to have degraded

Forms – Present Simple, Active Voice, to form

2. Write the missing forms of these verbs.

_________ ________ taken

to leave ________ ________

_________ ________ known

_________ was/ were ________

_________ laid ________

_________ brought ________

to lead _________ ________

_________ had ________

to run ________ ________

_________ forgave ________

3. Write opposite to next words

to form –

long –

to take –

growth –

necessary –

toxic –

radioactive –

seriously –

erosion –

to destroy –

useful –

to pollute –

to fumigate –

to kill –

to depend on –

ancient –

same –

to collapse –

largely –

problem –

salinity –

heavy –

to lead –

life

4. Complete the chart. Match a line in C with a line in D.

C	D
* a long * animal * agricultural * toxic chemical * soil * soil management * radioactive * plant and animal * an enhanced * chemical * the natural * young strawberry * soil * disease-causing * sterile	materials soil life organisms compounds methods process production pollution fertilizers processes plants materials erosion salinity

5. Prepositions.

5a). Write out the prepositions and put them into the correct columns. You will find in the text prepositions of PLACE, TIME, DIRECTION, and CASE.

5b.) Fill the correct prepositions.

1. Doris works____ BBC. 2. All students enjoyed the film except_____ me. 3. Can you see that sign ____ distance? 4. I want to work_____ an ecologist after I finish the University.5. We are going ____Ankara. 6. She studied_____ Kyiv ____last year. 7. He didn’t do home work______ __ illness.8. For instance, strawberry farmers __ California fumigate the soil with methyl bromide to destroy organisms. 9 Soil is a mixture __ mineral, plant, and animal materials. 10. This results __ heavy fertilizer increase polluted runoff ____ lakes and streams.

B-GROUP EXERCISES

1. Give the prepositional phrasal verbs (with explanations). Use your Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary.

Examples: Go on – continue; not to stop; Stop talking and go on with your work. Draw up – come to a place and stop; A car drew up at the gate.

To depend on; to run off; to run out of; to run up; to come out; to come on; to come from; to consist of; to bomb with; to find someone out; to find something out; to divide into; to long to; to long from.

2. Give six nouns, adjectives, verbs, word combinations which can be used speaking about soil pollution.

3. Write out all possible objects to the given verb from the text.

1. To depend on
2. To runoff
3. To support
4. To degrade
5. To enhance
6. To destroy
7. To collapse
8. To discover
9. To kill
10. To leave
11. To believe
12. To occur
13. To learn
14. To treat

4. A great number of words have more than two meanings. Use your Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary to explain them. Make sentences with them in written form.

Examples: She is American but she lives in England. Charles eats nothing but fruit.

Word	Meaning
but	(conj.)
but	(prep.)
any	(adv.)
any	(adj.)
best	(adj.)
best	(adv.)
best	(n. no pl.)
book	(n)
book	(v.)
close	(adj.)
close	(n.)
close	(v.)
fix	(v.)
fix	(n)
fix	(v.)
mine	(n)
mine	(pron.)
mine	(n.)
mine	(v.)

C-GROUP EXERCISES

1. Put verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. Soil (to form) during a long process that may take thousands of years. 2. They all (to enjoy) the film except for me. 3. Soil pollution (to be) a build-up of toxic chemical compounds, salts, pathogens (disease-causing organisms), or radioactive materials. 4. Unhealthy soil management methods (to have degraded) seriously soil quality. 5. These results of heavy fertilizer (to increase) polluted runoff into the lakes and streams 6. I (not to do) home work because of illness. 7. I (to want to work} like an ecologist after I finish the University. 8. For instance, strawberry farmers in California (to fumigate) the soil with methyl bromide (to destroy) organisms. 9 Soil (to be) a mixture of mineral, plant, and animal materials. 10. He (to enjoy) listening to music now.

2. Making Wh – questions .Put them to underline words.

1. ________ we all enjoyed the film except for me? 2. _______ in 2000 BC, the ancient Sumerian cities of the southern Tigris-Euphrates Valley in Mesopotamia depended on thriving agriculture? 3. ________ it is essential for all agricultural production? 4. ________ this process indiscriminately kills even beneficial micro organisms? 5. ________ the same soil pollution problem exists today in the Indus Valley in Pakistan 6. ________ he is enjoying listening to music now? 7. ________the ancient Sumerian cities had collapsed largely because of crop failure due to high soil salinity? 8. ________ it is necessary for most plant growth? 9. ________ this process leaves the soil sterile and dependent upon fertilizer to support plant growth?

3. Give answers to the questions (Ex. 2.) in writing.

4. Change the following sentences, active to passive, passive to active.

1. It is formed during a long process that may take thousands of years.

___________________________________________

2. These cities had collapsed largely because of crop failure due to high soil salinity.

_______________________________________________________

3. This process leaves the soil sterile and dependent upon fertilizer to support plant growth.

______________________________________________________

4. All students enjoyed the film except for me.

_____________________________________________________

5. These results in heavy fertilizer increase polluted runoff into lakes and streams.

_____________________________________________________

6. These results in heavy fertilizer increase polluted runoff into lakes and streams.

________________________________________________________

7. Improper irrigation practices in areas with poorly drained soil may result in salt deposits that inhibit plant growth.

_____________________________________________________

8. Even beneficial micro organisms are indiscriminately killed with this process.

______________________________________________________

9. These actions may lead to crop failure. ______________________________________________________

10. Treating the soil with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides interferes with the natural processes occurring within the soil.

_______________________________________________________

11. This process destroys useful organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and other micro organisms.

_______________________________________________________

D-GROUP EXERCISES

1. Give definitions.

1. The soil is …

2. The pollutants are…

3. The soil pollution is…

4. The mineral is...

5. The ecology determines …

6. The agriculture is

2. Pick out a line in E with a line in F.

E

1. These cities had collapsed largely

2. Even beneficial micro organisms

3. This process leaves the soil sterile

4. Improper irrigation practices in areas with poorly drained soil

5. The results in heavy fertilizer

6. It is formed during a long process that.

7. The same soil pollution problem exists

F

__ increase polluted runoff into lakes and streams.

__ are indiscriminately killed with this process.

__ because of crop failure due to high soil salinity.

__ and dependent upon fertilizer to support plant growth.

__ may result in salt deposits that inhibit plant growth.

__ may take thousands of years.

__ today in the Indus Valley in Pakistan.

3. Divide the text “Soil pollution” into three paragraphs. Name them. Where do you think the paragraphs begin and end?

Paragraph I_____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Paragraph II. ____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Paragraph III.____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

4. Speak on topic “Ecology of soil“.