Грамматические упражнения
1. Напишите исходную форму следующих прилагательных:
hotter, coolest ,best, smallest, faster, simpler, lees, most.
2. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень сравнения следующих прилагательных
cool, simple, many, low, fine, rapid, little, bad, great, important.
3. Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на формальные признаки степеней сравнения прилагательных
a)
cool liquid |
large tractor |
cooler liquid |
larger tractor |
the coolest liquid |
the largest tractor |
|
|
reliable system |
good radiator |
more reliable system |
better radiator |
the most reliable system |
the best radiator |
|
|
advantageous method |
bad practice |
less advantageous method |
worse practice |
the least advantageous method |
the worst practice |
b)
...is more distant than...
...is lighter than...
...is more difficult than...
... is worse than...
c)
...is much higher than...
...is tar lower than...
...is far more important than...
...is far less important than...
...is still larger than...
d)
...is as high as...
...is not so high as...
...is as important as...
...is not so important as....
...is as reliable as...
...is hot so reliable as...
4. Переведите на английский язык
a)
более менее надежная система,
самая ненадежная система
b)
более преимущественный метод,
наименее преимущественный метод
c)
более высокий чем,
более низкий чем,
намного труднее, чем,
намного легче, чем
еще более важный, чем
намного быстрее, чем
d)
не такой надежный как
такой же ненадежный как
такой же удобный как
не такой удобный как
5. Переведите предложения, включавшие конструкции типа “the more ... the better”.
1. The more we study nature, the more we know about it.
2. The more rapidly the water is circulated, the faster it is cooled.
3. The lower the temperature, the faster the water is cooled.
4. The more we control, the temperature of the water in a water jacket, the better an engine runs.
5. The greater the surface area of a radiator, the faster it cools.
6. The larger the radiating surface, the faster the heat escapes.
6. Прочтите и переведите текст A.
Cooling Systems
The temperature produced in the cylinder of an engine at the instant the explosion takes place, is very high. In other words, there is an excess quantity of heat liberated that must be taken away rapidly. It is estimated that about one-third of this heat escapes through the cylinder wall. Consequently, the cylinder becomes very hot, particularly at the head and round the exhaust valve, and some means of conducting away the heat is necessary.
All internal-combustion engines must operate at a certain temperature to produce the best results. Therefore, cooling system that permits absorption of heat is important.
Two systems of cooling engines are commonly used: air cooling and water (liquid) cooling. Air cooling system is as reliable аs liquid cooling one.
Air Cooling
This method is used mainly for small single-cylinder engines. The cooling effect is produced usually by means of fins or projections on the walls of the cylinder. These fins may be placed transversally or longitudinally with respect to the cylinder depending upon the use of the engine and the direction of the air flow pass the cylinder. Such an arrangement of fins increases the radiating surface and therefore the heat escapes fast. The larger the radiating surface, the faster the heat escapes. An air-cooled engine has the following advantages:
1. It is light in weight.
2. It is simpler in construction.
3. It is more convenient and less troublesome.
4. There is no danger of freezing in cold weather.
The principle disadvantage of air cooling is that it is difficult to maintain proper cooling under all conditions and it is almost impossible to control the cylinder temperature. Air-cooled engines usually run a little hotter than water-cooled engines and require the use of heavier lubricating oil. Air-cooling system is more simple than the forced-circulation one.
7. a) Ответьте на вопросы (ответы запишите на русском языке):
1. How much heat escapes through the cylinder wall?
2. What cooling systems are mainly used?
3. Is air cooling system more reliable than water cooling system?
4. What increases the radiating surface?
5. What advantages has an air-cooled engine?
6. What is the principle disadvantage of air cooling?
7 b) Письменно переведите выделенный отрезок из текста.
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