3. The population of Russia.

Number on January 1 this year composed 147 million people. Four were year ago 148,5 million people. The majority of the population of Russia is concentrated in the main strip of settling - triangle, apexes of which are Saint Petersburg in the north, Sochi in the south and Irkutsk in the east. The zone of taiga and of permafrost is arranged to the north from this triangle of favorable climatic conditions; the semi-deserts and deserts stretch to the southeast from it. In Siberia, whose area composes the almost 3/4 territories of Russia, live less than fourth population. The Western and center sections of European Russia are most tightly populated and urbanized. In these regions the largest cities of Russia and the traditional centers of culture and industry are located. In the Urals the population is concentrated mainly between the cities lower [Tagil] and Magnitogorsk. In Siberia the population is concentrated along the route of the Trans-Siberian railroad, on which are located its largest cities - Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk, also, in the territory of Kuznetsk coal field. Due to the state on January 1, 2010. in Russia there are 11 cities with the population of more than 1 million people: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Ekaterinburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, to Rostov-on- Don, Ufa. The coordinates of the center of the population are determined on census data of the population RF 2002: according to the calculation Of [v]. [S]. [Kusov] [18] - 56°48'N of 51°15'[E], according to the calculation Of [a]. [K]. [Gogolev] [source is not indicated 345 days] - 56°34'N of 53°30'E (south of Izhevsk). Distance between centers of population and geographical center composed, thus, about 1740 km in 2002 against 2400 km in 1897 [source it was not indicated 345 days. National composition (2002) [of 17] Russian 79,8% Tatars 3,8% Ukrainians 2,0% Bashkirs 1,2% Chuvashs 1,1% Chechens 0,9% Armenians 0,8% other 10,4%. In January April 2011. reduction in the birth rate in Russia in comparison with the analogous period of 2010 g. is fixed (to 14.1%). Mortality also was reduced by 20.6%.

4. The animals in Russia.

Russia. Largest on the occupied area country in the world. In our country the substantial part of the land representatives of the fauna of peace dwells. Consider, vertebral animals of Russia it is more than 1550 forms - 700 forms of different birds, on the order of 300 forms of mammals, reptiles - more than 85, 350 forms of the representatives of fresh-water fishes, more than 35 forms of amphibians. A quantity of forms of marine fishes crosses for 1,5 thousands. In connection with the enormous territory, the propagation and the specific presence of animals directly depends on the climatic and topographical property of locality. Only in our country depending on the places presences can be lived both in the deserts of the Arctic and in the hot semiarid climatic regions, and by the virgin, untouched foot of man to tundra, both in the coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests and in the boundless deserts. The taiga, Arctic and subarctic complexes of fauna present the large part of the animal kingdom of Russia. The substantial part of this variety of forms dwells in the taiga regions of our native land. Unfortunately, because of the anthropogenic factor, last two centuries variety and quantitative expression of the representatives of our fauna steadily decreases. Men enlarging its presence, increasing the sizes of pastures and sowing, contaminating the earth, air and water, destroys the animal kingdom of Russia, whose individual bright representatives we already we can see only on the pictures. For the Arctic fauna are characteristic the uniformity in the entire territory, the scantiness of specific variety, the domination of marine representatives and dependence [v] on the part of the subsistence of land animals of the sea. Brightest the representatives of Arctic expanses - polar bears, walruses, annulated seal -they dwell in the limits by sufficiently narrow strip on the coast. From the mammalian most of all sea forms: fourteen cetaceous, nine Pinnipedia, such as seal, bearded seal, marine hare, walrus, Greenland seal. Land mammals of the order of ten forms, but to the Arctic carry polar fox, polar bear and wild reindeer. The specific variety of animals of tundra is much richer than the Arctic. Animal sufficiently abundantly populates forest-tundra transition area and taiga. The substantial part of the fauna have thick fur and bright [okras]. Between the Yenisey molded edge of Kara Sea and the Khatanga molded edge of Laptev Sea in the summer time stands on the pastures the largest in the world population of wild reindeer. Animal taigas are represented sufficiently uniform. The typical representatives of taiga are squirrel, field vole, [soboli], marten, ermines, moose, reindeer, [izyubr], Siberian roe, hare- white hare, enormous brown bears, graceful large cats - lynx. The fauna of the deciduous and mixed scaffolding is divided by southern- Siberian mountains into two parts. In the European region is richly represented large be mammalianing - European roe, the block, deer. In the scaffolding the predators dwell: forest marten, badger, European mink, lynx, wolves. The animal kingdom of Russian wooded plains is characterized by the mixing of the steppe and forest representatives of fauna and, therefore, is not separated its by uniqueness. teppes are hare- hare, large jerboa steppe marmot, spotted and large gophers, hamster, steppe Microtina, saiga and other. Transbaikal steppes were less subjected to the action of man than European and in spite of more arid climatic nature they more richly were populated by the representatives of diverse fauna. Here are widely represented gophers, Dzungarskiy, [daurskie] and gray small hamsters, marmots, field voles, jerboas, hare -[tolay]. In the Central-Asian part of Russia the representatives are typical by desert fauna, accustomed to the large difference of temperatures in winter and in summer, in the daytime and at night. Are extended big-eared hedgehog, saiga, sand eels, small gopher, public field vole, jerboas, shrews, earthen sunbeam reflection. From the predators it is possible to meet polecats and [korsakov]. The coast of black sea and large Caucasus mountain forms the northern part Mediterranean subregion, with the rich fauna. The Far East of Russia is characterized by the abundance of favorable conditions for the life of many animals. Is widely represented chipmunk, hazel-grouse, glutton, sable, squirrel, marten -[kharza], spotty deer. Legendary predators - Ussuri tiger, leopard, bear. The wild hoofed animals are well extended in the territory of Russia: large block, wild reindeer, graceful roe, large moose and saigas. The favorite animals for the hunting from [pokon] of centuries were the peltry beasts: the sable, that occupies the first place on its value, squirrel, ondatra, mink, fox. Polar fox is main trade little beast. Enormous bears, sly foxes, gray wolves, blocks and moose all this our property and property of our country, from each of us depends their future. Let us preserve this surprising animal kingdom of Russia for the descendants.