3. Sanctions for Non-Fulfillment of Contractual Obligations

An­other branch of contract law deals with the sanctions that are made available to a contracting party when the other party fails to perform his contractual obligations. These sanctions usually take the form of money damages. In case of delay in the fulfil­ment of contractual obligations or erasure in the fulfilment of contractual obligations a damaged party can bring an action of damages against the responsible party. The court imposes dam­ages as compensation in money for detriment sustained by a plaintiff. The purpose of damages is to place the person in the same position before the action occurred. Damages may be classified as nominal, where no actual damage has been suf­fered, or substantial which represents compensation for actual loss suffered. Damages can also be punitive. Punitive damages are damages imposed by the court as a punishment of the de­fendant rather than compensating the plaintiff. Money damages are generally awarded under contract law. When one party to a contract fails to perform his obligation, the other can seek dam­ages by two ways: (1) restitution, which restores to him what­ever goods, services, or money he has given the breaching party, (2) expectancy, which rewards him as if the contract had been fully performed; expectancy includes profits anticipated on the contract. Contract law seeks a sanction against contract­ing parties for non-fulfilment of contractual obligations.

Make available - предоставлять; fail to perform - не удаваться совершить; money damages -денежная компенсация ущерба; erasure - уклонение; damages - компенсация за убытки; sustain det­riment / suffer damage - понести ущерб; occur -происходить; punitive - карательный; award -присуждать; seek damages - требовать возмещения убытков; restitution - возвра­щение утраченного; breach - нарушать; expectancy - ожидание; reward - вознаграждать; anticipate - предвидеть; seek a sanction -требовать применения санкции.

► Ex.3. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Contract law deals with damaged parties and responsible par­ties. 2) When one party to a contract fails to perform his obliga­tion, the other is not to seek damages. 3) In case of delay in the fulfilment of contractual obligations a responsible party can bring an action of damages against the damaged party. 4) In case of erasure in the fulfilment of contractual obligations a re­sponsible party can bring an action of damages against the dam­aged party. 5) Expectancy restores to the damaged party money he has given the breaching party. 6) Restitution rewards the damaged party as if the contract had been fully performed.

► Ex.4.Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Потерпевшая сторона; предъявить иск за убытки; виновная сторона; компенсация за убытки; понести ущерб; истец; происходить; номинальные убытки; фактические убытки; карательный; ответчик; присуждать; договорное право; требовать возмещения убытков; реституция; нарушать; ожидание; вознаграждать; предвидеть; требовать примене­ния санкции; санкции за невыполнение контрактных обяза­тельств; договаривающиеся стороны; денежная компенса­ция ущерба; задержка в выполнении контрактных обяза­тельств; уклонение от выполнения контрактных обязательств.

► Ex.5. Complete the following statements. Choose one topic to speak about a) damages; b) restitution; c) expectancy. Retell the text Sanctions for non-fulfilment of contractual obligations.

I) Contract law deals with ... when ... 2) Sanctions usually take ... 3) In case of ... a damaged party can ... 4) The court im­poses ... 5) The purpose of damages is ... 6) Damages may be ...7) Punitive damages are ... 8) Money damages are awarded under ... 9) When one party to a contract fails ... the other can ... 10) Restitution restores ... 11) Expectancy rewards ... 12) Expectancy includes ... 13) Contract law seeks ...

CLASSES 17, 18

TASK: A Business Letter Structure. Applying for a Job (составление делового письма: структура, оформление просьбы об устройстве на работу, принятие заявления, отказ в заявлении о принятии на работу)