Read the following questions (1-4), then scan the text to find the answers.

Task tip

Scan for the underlined words. When you find them, read the sentence to find out the answer. (If you live in China, you probably know some of the answers, but it is important to answer according to the text.)

1. In China is the colour red traditionally considered lucky or unlucky?

2. When did Ikea open its first store in Beijing?

3. What is the meaning of the Chinese word he?

4. What is the meaning of the number 8 in China?

Marketing in China

Firstly with many types of products, the largest producers are Chinese firms who have already won large parts of the market. Indeed, many old Chinese companies such as TonRen Tang, a pharmaceutical company which dates back to 1669, are now enjoying a renewed popularity.

Secondly, any company which tries to move into a foreign market needs to study the situation and culture of that country. This is certainly the case with China. Many international companies go into the market whith their usual rangeof products but they find that, as they are, the products do not sell. Ikea, the Swedish furniture giant, opened in Beijing in 1999 but not many people bought the furniture. It seemed too expensive for Chinese customers and possibly did not appeal to Chinese taste.

Pricing is not the only issue. Companies also need to consider what ideas customers from a different culture might have about their product; what marketing experts call product positioning. De Beers, the diamond company, provide an interesting example of this. In the West, diamonds are a symbol of romantic love and appear on wedding rings. However, the idea of romance is different in Asia and so De Beers decided to present diamonds as a symbol of harmony and a lasting relationship rather than love. Their Chinese TV ads showed a husband giving his wife a diamond at their wedding and then moved forward in time to show the following years of a long happy marriage. Harmony or a lack of conflict (he in Chinese) is a very important value in Chinese culture and De Beers were very important in China. Chinese society traditionally has many levels and the possession of a particular brand can show your place within society. However, as in any country, companies need to take advice on what their brand name sounds like in Chinese, or if people can pronounce it.Sometimes a successful brand name can be created by slightly changing the original name to Chinese. Gillette razors, for example, use the Chinese name ‘jilie’. ‘ji’ in Chinese means ‘lucky’. Chinese companies trying to export their products, of course, have to think about this too. The Chinese refrigerator, Haier, has not been very successful globally, partly, it seems, because Westerners find the name difficult to pronounce.

In a country where the writing system is based on symbols, it is especially important to have a memorable logo. A logo with a picture like Shell or Apple is likely to be more effective than one which consists of Western letters like BP. Companies also need to be aware of the popular ideas about some colours. Red, for example, is traditionally a lucky colour, while white is the colour of death and is traditionally seen as unlucky. Blue and yellow used together can also suggest death, so this combination is best avoided on logos. This is because at a traditional funeral, a gift of money was often put in a yellow envelope with a blue stripe.

There are also popular ideas relating to numbers, just as, for example, the number 13 is thought unlucky in China as it sounds like the word for ‘death’. Eight, on the other hand, is a lucky number. When the Japanese department store Yaohan opened in Beijing, the person selling the pens put a price of 88,888 yuan on one expensive gold pen. This was a joke of course, but it made a wonderful talking point for the customers.

Text 4

Is there any city in Europe, or elsewhere, like Prague? There has been a city here for over a thousand years, and now 1,250,000 people live here. It is most famous for its Gothic and baroque buildings. Old Town Square, with its wonderful clock, the Charles Bridge, and Prague Castle on the hill above the river are just a few of Prague`s famous attractions.

Getting around Prague is easy by tram or underground but it`s also a pedestrian`s dream because much of the old quarter and many of the streets and lanes have little or no traffic. The medieval centre is Prague Castle and St Vitus Cathedral. An evening view of these illuminated landmarks is one of the most memorable sights in Europe. Wenceslas Square is in the heart of modern Prague.

Visiting Prague today, you immediately notice the lively atmosphere. The city can be crowded during the hot summer months, but it is a delight to visit at any time of the year, even in the snowy cold of winter. In fact, tourism makes the largest contribution to Prague`s economy. Classical concerts take place all through the year, though the biggest event is the Prague spring International Music Festival in May and early June. Theatre also has a special place in the life of the city.

The suburbs are like many in Eastern Europe with tall skyscrapers and some light industry, but you`re very quickly in the sleepy villages and gentle hills of Bohemia.

Many people say Prague reminds them of Vienna or Budapest. But in fact, Prague is unique. There`s nowhere quite like it.

READING AND WRITING

1. There is a mixture of fact and opinion in the passage. For example, it is a fact that there are Gothic and baroque buildings, but an opinion that the clock in Old Town Square is wonderful.

Read the passage again and write down:

• Five facts about Prague.

Over a thousand years old, ……

• Five opinions about Prague.

One of the most memorable sights in Europe.

2. Think of a town which you can twin with Prague. Write notes about the features of the two towns. It should have as many similar aspects as possible.

London similar age, culture

Are there any major differences?

London no trams, different architecture

3. Write a description of the twin cities, giving your reasons why they are similar. Use the notes you made in 2 and 3 and the linking words in bold.

Give the main reason. The main reason why Prague and London are similar is their age.

Give other reasons. Another reason is that…

Describe similarities. Both Prague and London have a lot of old buildings.

Neither Prague nor London has much heavy industry.

Describe differences. Prague has hot summers while London can be

colder.

Prague is very romantic whereas London is more reserved.

Stress similarities. But actually, they are both very cosmopolitan cities.

VI. Grammar exercises

1) Modals to express obligations

1. Must expresses a strong obligation.

All visitors must report to Reception.

You mustn’t steal things! Its naughty!

2. Have to express a general obligations based on a law or a rule.

Nurses have to wear a uniform.

Malcolm has to drive a thousand miles a week in his job.

3. Sometimes must and have to are similar.

I must go now. Cheerio! I have to go now. Cheerio!

Sometimes there is a difference. Must is personal. We use must when we express our personal feelings, and say what we think is important or necessary.

You must work harder. (I am telling you what to do.)

I must wash my hair. It`s dirty. (I am telling myself that it`s necessary.)

Have to is impersonal. It expresses a general obligation based on what another person tells us to.

We have to wear a stupid uniform. (It`s a school rule.)

I have to take this medicine three times a day. (The doctor said.)

4. Have to is used to form the question, and the past and future.

Do you have to work full-time?

I had to get up very early when I was at school.

You`ll have to work hard if you want to go to university.

5. Should expresses what is right, or a good idea. It expresses advice, or a mild obligation.

You should get more exercise. Why don’t you play tennis?

You shouldn’t eat so many sweets. They are bad for your teeth.

Negatives

Mustn`t and don’t have to express very different ideas.

You mustn’t take drugs. (This is a strong obligation not to do something.)

Teenagers don’t have to go out to work. (There is no obligation, but they can if they want.)

2) Modals to express permission

Can, can`t, and be allowed to are used to express permission. Allowed to is passive.

We can`t smoke or chew gum.

We aren’t allowed to buy what we want.

1. Look at the verbs in bold type in Exercises 2 and 3 in the started activity, then complete the following table.

Complete this grammar notes about describing rules:

Must and 1 …… mustn’t and don’t have to 4………..

3) Making comparisons

You can make comparisons in the following ways:

• Comparative adjective + than

• More/less + comparative adjective + than

• More + countable/uncountable noun + than

• Fewer + countable noun + than

• Less + uncountable noun + than

• As many + countable noun + as

• As much + uncountable noun + as

• As + adjective + as

Prague is cheaper than London.

Rome is more beautiful than London.

London is less dangerous than New York.

Tokyo has more inhabitants than Madrid.

Berlin has more rain than Rome.

Madrid has fewer tourists than Paris.

Paris has less industry than Milan.

Milan has as many people as Barcelona.

Barcelona has as much rain as Rome.

Rome is as beautiful as Prague.

VII. Speaking

Work in pairs and discuss the following question.

• Do you think it is better to use a supplier who is local to your company, or a national supplier who is in another part of your country?

Try to think of three advantages and three disadvantages for each.

With your partner, discuss whether the statements (1-5) are usually true of local or national suppliers. Write L for local suppliers, N for for national suppliers or B if you think it is true for both local and national suppliers.

1. You have to pay higher transport costs.

2. They give good after-sales service.

3. You may get a better discount.

4. You don’t have to wait a long time for delivery.

5. You business is important to them, so they will give you good service.

In the following dialogue, which person do you agree with?

1. You should always use the same supplier. That way, you build up a good relationship with them.

2. No, you shouldn’t depend on one supplier. You should use several so that if one can`t supply you needs, you can use another.

VIII. LANGUAGE REVIEW

Asking for descriptions

1. What`s London like? Means “Tell me about London because I don’t know anything about it”. It is a very general question.

When it is asked about a person, the answer can refer to character or appearance or both.

What`s Peter like?

He`s quite tall, with short blond hair.

He`s really nice, You`d like him.

2. What does she look like? Asks for a physical description.

What does she look like?

She`s very pretty. She`s got long black hair, and dark, mysterious eyes.

3. How are your parents? Asks about their health and general happiness. It does not ask for a description.

How are your parents?

They are fine, thanks. My mother had a cold, but she`s better now.

Words that go together

Use your dictionaries to look up any new words.

1. Look at the following groups of words. Which four of the surrounding words in each group cannot go with the noun in the centre?

2. Put a suitable adjective from Exercise 1 into the gaps in the following conversations. If necessary, use their comparative or superlative forms.

Example

Billy`s only two so he`s the youngest in the family.

1. What is Anna`s brother like?

Well, he is certainly ___________, dark and handsome, but I didn’t enjoy meeting him at all. He is even ______ than she is!

2. What was your meal like?

Ugh! It was awful. The pizza was ________. We were absolutely _____,but we still couldn’t eat it!

3. Did you have a good time in Amsterdam?

Excellent, thank you. There`s so much to do. It`s a really_____ city. And there are so many people from all over the world, it`s even______ than London.

4. Mmm! These courgettes are _____. Did you grow them yourselves?

Yes, we did. All our vegetables are ______.

Underline the adjectives in the box below. Are there any which can also be nouns?

Art gallery bridge busy castle cathedral cemetery coffee-house concert hall cosmopolitan crowded dangerous district dirty hilly industrial lane lively market museum noisy old-fashioned palace park picturesque quay river romantic skyscraper sleepy smart square street theatre tram unique wealthy

Think of your favorite town or city. Which of these adjectives can you use to describe it?

What special features is your favorite city famous for? Use the nouns in the box to help you. Are there any adjectives which go with them?

Lyon is famous for its medieval district and its picturesque rivers.

Unit 8

Vocabulary list

1. sanitation

2. hygiene

3. sustainable

4. voluntary domestic

5. appeal

6. sewage disposal

7. access to

8. to provide smth to smb

9. set up

10) awareness

11) rural

12) urban areas

13) data collection

14) survey

15) pay (back, by, for, off)

16) lend smth to

17) borrow smth from

18) safe and easy way

19) branch

20) withdraw

21) deposit

22) balance

23) transactions

24) overdraft

25) online statement

26) pay bills

27) foreign currency

28) direct debits

20) standing orders

30) industry-standard levels of security

31) refund

32) pin members fraud

33) cancel

34) download

35) amend

36) traveller’s cheques

37) to host

38) lasting success

39) decaying industrial areas

40) filthy harbor

41) environmentally friendly

42) preservation

43) conservation

44) endangered …

45) recycle

I. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

getting worse, very dirty, offensive, to use again, to organize, to change, to stop, to give back, look at, examine know, notice, to give, to get to, to enter request, to like.

appeal

access

to provide smth to smb

to be aware

survey

refund

cancel

amend

host

recycle

filthy

decaying

II. Translate the sentences

1. WA ставит перед собой задачу обеспечить регионы с беднейшим населением чистой пресной водой, проводить санитарные мероприятия, вести просветительскую работу в области гигиены.

2. Более 70% фондовой WA получает от индивидуальных предпринимателей, бизнесменов.

3. Банковские операции по интернету – это всего лишь еще один путь доступа к существующему счету, а не необходимость открывать новый.

4. Интернет операции используют стандартный уровень защиты вкладов от мошенничества.

5. Барселона использовала Олимпийские игры 1992 года для того, чтобы претворить в жизнь план по обновлению города и превращению на находящихся в упадке промышленных районов в прекрасный приморский город.

6. Было инвестировано $8 млрд. в кольцевую дорогу, новый аэропорт, телекоммуникационную систему, канализационную систему.

7. Сидней, оказавшись столицей Олимпиады 2000 года, прочно занял свое место на туристических коробах.

8. После проведения Олимпийских игр в Сиднее возникло много экологических чистых предприятий.

9. Доход компании упал в прошлом году, но компании удалось сэкономить путем сокращения расходов.

10. Компания разорилась в прошлом году и многие кредиторы до сих пор ждут выплат.

Vocabulary money

1. W ork in pairs. Check that you understand the meaning of the verb phrases in italics in these sentences. Then discuss the questions.

• Have you ever bid for something in an auction (online of traditional)? Is so, what was it? If not, would you consider doing so?

• When was the last time you got a bargain? Do you know anyone who is good at finding bargains?

• What’s the difference between: pay a fee, pay a fare and pay a fine? What do you think of the cost of bus and train fares in your country/another country you know?

2 . Work in two groups, A and B. Look at the words in your box and check their meaning and pronunciation. Use a dictionary if necessary.

A

B

3 . Now work in pairs (o0ne from group A and one from B). Tell each other the meaning and pronunciation of the words in your box.

4 . Choose the correct alternatives in each sentence.

1. You can often save money by buying a lot of things at the same time and getting a discount/freebie.

2. I’m working long hours at the moment so that I get paid quite a lot of tip/overtime – I’m saving up for my holiday.

3. If you decide not to go ahead with the booking, you will lose the £100 balance/deposit you’ve already paid.

4. I’m sorry, but we can only give you your money back if you keep the receipt/refund as proof of purchase.

5. You are advised to take out tax/insurance for all members of the family before you travel.

6. I would never borrow from friends because I never want to be in rent/debt.

Vocabulary

Business terms and roles

1 Match the financial terms (a-k) with the correct definition (1-11).

2 The words in the box below have similar meanings to three of the words from Exercise 1. Write the word with the similar meaning next to the one in the box.

t o cover costs ……….

to go into liquidation ………

turnover ………

3 Choose the correct expression from the box below to complete the definitions (1-3). You need to put the verbs in the correct form.

t o chase payment to pay off a debt to write off a bebt

1. If a company pays the money that it owes to someone, then it ………… .

2. If a company tries to make a person of organization pay it the money that they owe (e.g. by sending out letters to remind them), then it ………… .

3. If a company decides to stop trying to get the money that a person of organization owes it (because, for example, the company no longer exists) then it ……… .

4. In the following sentences (1-5), TWO of the alternatives (A-C) are possible and ONE is not. Circle the two alternatives which are possible.

5. In the following sentences (1-4) one word does not make sense. Identify the word and change it for another from Exercise 4 to make a logical sentence.

1. The company was not a success and finally went bankrupt last year. Some

creditors

debtors are still waiting for payouts.

2. The company has begun to write off its debts in instilments under a new agreement with the creditors.

3 A Profit last year was £42,000

B Do you mean gross or net?

A Oh no, I mean gross. After the production costs and overheads were deducted.

4. That company has gone into liquidation. I’m afraid we’re just going to have to pay off the money that they owe us.

1A Complete the statements with the words in the box

c ommunity competitors customer

law loss prices profit staff taxes

wages

To succeed in business you should:

1 value your staff.

2 focus only on making a big _____.

3 pay employees low _____.

4 charge high _____.

5 never break the _____.

6 avoid paying _____ to the government.

7 believe the _____ is always right.

8 invest in the local _____.

9 put your _____ out of business.

10 be prepared to make a _____ for at least the first year.

1B Work with a partner to discuss the statements.

2 Match the people in the box with their job role.

C ustomer entrepreneur manufacturer

partner retailer supplier wholesaler

1 sells directly to the public

2 makes goods

3 starts new businesses

4 is one of owners of a business

5 buys large quantities of goods from producers and sells them to shop of a company

6 buys directly from a shop of a company

7 provides goods/parts to shops and businesses

3 Work with a partner to discuss the following.

1 Which are your favourite retailers?

2 Name three large manufacturers

3 What services can a wholesaler offer a retailer?

4 Give an example of good/bad customer service you have experienced.

5 What problems can a business have with its suppliers?

6 Can you name a famous entrepreneur?

7 If you started a business, who would your partner be? Why?

1. Discuss these questions with other students.

Do you ever shop online? If so, what for? If not, why not?

What do you think are some of the most common reasons for complaining to a department store of a shopping website?

Have you ever complained about something you bought (either in a shop of through a website)? What weren’t you happy about? What did you do? What was the response? Were you satisfied in the end?

Reading. Networking

Networking is the process of making business contacts through meeting people. It can be a good way of finding clients or new staff or even a new job.

1 Work with a partner. Decide which of the following you think is the best place for networking.

Conferences private parties trade fairs training events

2 Look at the headings (a-d) for the first four paragraphs of the article. Skim the text and match each heading to the most suitable paragraph. Write the paragraph number in the box.

A The best way to find business 2

B A fixed agenda

C An example of a meeting

D BNI’s mission and ethos

Company background BNI

Business Network International, of BNI, is an organization which began in California, USA but has now expanded into many other countries. The idea of the organizations is that members create business for each other through personal recommendations.

BUSINESS NETWORK INTERNATIONAL

1. It is 7.00 on a cold winter morning and 40 people face each other across a breakfast table in a London hotel. After some short speeches, the tables are suddenly a hive of activity as sets of business cards are passed around. After this, each person stands up for exactly one minute. They talk about their businesses and what kind of contacts they are looking for that week. John Harris is an insolvency specialist who is looking for any company with financial difficulties who could use his services. Janet Moore runs a cake-making business and is looking for customers. After the speeches, the 40 people stand up together and walk around the tables gibing out pieces of paper. These are referral slips, providing the names and details of potential customers of contacts. Janet Moore, for example, receives the names and contact numbers of several relatives with birthdays that month.

2. This is a meeting of BNI of Business Network International. There are many ways for businesses to advertise, like telemarketing of mailshots but the best form of promotion is word-of-mouth recommendation through networking. Of course, networking can take place anywhere; at trade fairs and conferences of on the golf course, but the most efficient way to network is to join an organization like this. This is because the only reason for these meetings is to make contacts. The success rate of the referrals speaks for itself. According to the figures, over 75% of them turn into business.

3. BNI was originally founded by Dr Ivan Misner in the US but in has now spread to many countries in Europe such as Scandinavia, Germany and Spain and also to Australia. Its aim is to provide an environment in which business people can get together and develop the personal relationship that lead to business. When new members join, they receive a card file to hold all the new business cards, a badge and a lapel pin. With these, they also get a guidebook with instructions on ‘how to be a good member’. Members also have access to a library of networking tips, all recorded on tapes. BNI’s motto is ‘givers gain’, that is, if I give someone business, then they will want to give me business in return.

4. BNI meetings follow a highly structured framework. A short period of ‘open’ networking is followed by welcome speeches and introductions from the team leaders and then by the exchanging of business cards. Next, members give their 60-second speeches and after that, they introduce any visitors, who can also give speeches. Then, the referral slips are passed. If a member passes on more than three new business contacts, the group all clap. For five of more referrals, this becomes a standing ovation. The meeting winds up with a prize draw.

Text 2

Healthy finances

Talking point

1. Work in pairs. All companies have information which they do not usually give to other people. Which of the following types of information (a-g) do you think a company does not usually share with:

• the public

• its employees?

a profits and losses in the past

b future financial targets

c recipes and manufacturing processes

d ideas for new products

e information about market share

f staff qualifications and CVs of resumes

g strategies (plans to achieve success)

2. Does sharing this information depend on the type of company, do you think?

1. Work with a partner. You are going to read an article about a company which is famous for keeping information secret. Can you think of any other famous secretive companies?

Company background H A L M A

Halma is a group of engineering companies which makes health and safety products such as fire detectors. It is based in the UK but also has companies in Europe and the USA.

2. Read the first two paragraphs to find out which two of the following activities (1-3) Halma employees do. Put a (x) in the box next to the activity which they don’t do.

1 . develop ideas for future products

2 . make the component parts for their products

3 . put together in component parts for their products

Halma: A secretive success

1. Halma is an engineering group which specializes in products for the health and safety industry. Its financial results have been impressive, but not many people have studied the reasons for its success. (i) This is partly because the group’s original chairman did not want to talk about its management approach because he was afraid other companies might copy (ii) it.

2. Halma’s strategy is generally to produce a series of technical ideas which can then be used to create new products. In the past (iii) these devices have included a system to kill bacteria in water and another system to stop lift doors from closing on people. The group relies on suppliers to make the component parts. (iv) Its own workers are generally only concerned with the final assembly and with researching future products. The suppliers are not told what the parts that they supply do, nor how (v) they are put together, to make sure that (vi) they cannot use Halma’s ideas. ‘It is not in our interest to share this information’, says Stephen O’Shea, the chief executive officer.

Text 3

Read the text quickly. What does the article say about these things?

1. the writer’s out-of-date computer

2. the main aim of Freecycle

3. dishonest ‘bidders’

4. giving something in return

5. freecycle’s need for money

Freecycle

The temptation to buy, buy, buy is hard to resist. A new outfit, a gadget, an item of furniture – someone is buying one right now. Now, guilty shoppers who are keen to get rid of a no-longer-needed purchase have a radical new option – simply giving it away.

Second-hand technology is notoriously difficult to offload. So, I never thought that my sluggish, ageing computer would generate much interest when I put it up for offer online. I was wrong. (1) On a conventional auction site, such as eBay, I doubt there would be any takers. But I’m advertising on its philanthropic cousin, freecycle.org. As the name suggests, everything advertised on Freecycle must be free – whether it’s an old sofa, unwanted CDs or even a few hours’ help in the garden. Anyone who is interested simply replies by email: deal done.

Freecycle is one of a number of websites that aim to reduce the amount of rubbish sent to landfill sites by encouraging one of the most efficient forms of recycling – simply giving things to people who want them.

(2) Today, Freecycle has 1.2 million members and is a cross between an Internet auction house and a global chain of charity shops. Mr Beal says his chief aim is to cut waste and help the environment. He recently told reporters, ‘I live in the Sonora Desert in Arizona. It’s a place where the landscape is absolutely stunning.’ (3).

On the London site, interest in my decrepit computer is led by Tung, who wants to get his sixty-seven-year-old mum on the net. Then there’s Kate, whose son wants it for his schoolwork. There’s also John, who wants it for his daughter, a nurse on a low wage. (4) My inclination is to give it to someone in need, but I have to make a difficult choice between several ‘bidders’. Some people may suggest that dishonest individuals could make up heart-tugging stories in order to get freebies, of even to make a profit by selling them on. But my requests seem genuine. (5)

Freecycle embodies some of that old charitable Internet spirit by asking that before members accept a freebie, they put something up for offer. And it’s by no means all junk; there are nearly-new toys, furniture, electrical goods, even bikes and cars. (6) She says it reflects the fact people are buying more than ever, but don’t want to simply throw things away when they replace them. ‘People want to feel a bit better about consuming, and so they’re happy to give things away,’ she says. Clive Brown, who won my auction, agrees: ‘I was given a bed and didn’t need the brand-new mattress, so I put it on the site and it was gone in minutes. I was delighted someone wanted it.’

Freecycle has grown rapidly around the world it countries as diverse as Mexico, Nepal, France and Romania and it seems to be on the cusp of breaking through into the mainstream. (7) Mr Beal says he needs the funds to help spread the ethos even further. In the end, it would be better if people simply stopped buying so much. But realistically, until people change their ways, green groups, guilty consumers and those with an eye for the ultimate bargain seem more than happy to make the most of Freecycle.

3. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Read the article again and choose from sentences A-H the one that fits each gap 1-7. There is one extra sentence which you do not need.

A That such high-quality goods are on offer does Georgina Bloomfield.

B And right in the middle of this desert, you’ve got this hideous landfill half of which is full of perfectly good reusable stuff.

C The site is the creation of Deron Beal, an environmentalist from the US, who started it in mil 2003 as an automated email list.

D Money isn’t involved, but a kind of auction is taking place to see whose situation most deserves a free PC.

E Controversially, perhaps, it has recently signed up a corporate sponsor.

F Elsewhere on the site, someone is trying to shift a manual for a 1980s Ford Escort, and another has two bags of party clothes.

G I eventually choose Clive Brown, a project worker, who wants it for a client with learning disabilities.

H A bidding war quickly begins for the five-year-old machine, which is ‘past its best’ and a printer, which only ‘probably works’.

4. Discuss these questions.

• What are the three main reasons for Freecycle’s success?

• Does Freecycle’s success surprise you? Why/Why not?

• How would you feel about using this website? Why?

Grammar exercises

Multi-word verbs

There are many examples of multi-word verbs.

She needed a nanny to look after us.

I told my parents what I was going to give it up

I wanted to be a nanny when I grew up.

1. Meaning

In the following groups of sentences one meaning of the multi-word verb is literal and two are idiomatic. Say which is which.

Will and going to future forms

• The present continuous is not the only way to talk about the future in English. If something is not a fixed arrangement, you use different future forms.

Underline the correct future forms in these sentences (1-6). More than one answer is sometimes possible.

1. Do you have any plans for this evening?

Yes, I will read / I'm going to read /'m reading all those reports for tomorrow's meeting.

2. The phone's ringing.

I'll answer / I'm going to answer / I'm answering it.

3. Oh dear, I don't seem to have the agenda for this meeting.

Am I making / Shall I make / Am I going to make you a copy?

4. The Bank of England has forecast that gross domestic product is going to reach / is reaching / will reach 55 per cent by the end of the year.

5. I'd like to keep in touch.

OK, I'm going to give / I'm giving / I'll give you my card.

6. Have you made an appointment to see the bank manager? Yes. I 'm seeing / ‘ll see / shall see him tomorrow morning.

Role-play

Work in groups of four or five. Read the following role card and follow the instructions on it. When speaking, try to use all the future forms you have practiced in this unit (present continuous, going to, will and shall). The Useful language box will help you.

You are members of the sales team of a company Useful language which produces soft drinks.

You have recently developed a new product which is aimed at sportspeople or young adults who are interested in keeping fit. You want to organise an event to launch the product. Decide:

• what kind of event to use to launch your product (presentation, road show, etc.)

• who to invite (retailers, distributors, famous people, etc.)

Decide in your team what each person should do to prepare for the event Then report your plans back to the class.

Useful language

Making an offer or suggestion

Shall I send invitation to…? Shall we invite…?

I’ll write to…

Reporting your plans to the class

Is going to write… We’re going to organize a roadshow.

Making a prediction

It will be a great success, I'm sure.

Talking point

1. Work is pairs. If you are working, discuss whether you think networking meetings would be good for your company. If you are studying, discuss whether you think networking could help you find a job.

2. Read the role card and prepare what you are going to say.

Y ou are attending a meeting of BNI and have to give a one-minute speech to introduce your company. Students in work should talk about their own company. Students who are still studying should ask their teacher for some informations about an imaginary company. In addition to your company’s main activities, decide which of the following you should include in your speech: staffing needs; examples of satisfied clients; future projects.

Remember you have only one minute exactly, so think carefully about what to include. Work in groups of three or four and take it in turns to listen to each other’s speeches. When you are listening to the other members of your group, make notes on ways they could improve their speech.

Unit 9.

Vocabulary list

1. depend on

2. source

3. generate

4. energy supplies

5. consequence

6. traffic gridlock

7. essential

8. solar energy

9. wind power

10. nuclear power

11. pipelines

12. riots

13. to abandon collapse

14. agree

15. bring up

16. get promotion

17. top politician

18. compromise

19. disappear

20. to plug in

21. sockets

22. turn on

23. come up

24. find out

25. set up

26. log on

27. work smth out

28. write up

29. to print off

30. set up

31. sort out

32. break down

33. look up

34. real estate

35. insist on

36. get a foot on

37. tiny pod

38. storage space

39. interiors

40. fortnight

41. attractive

42. onlookers

43. afford

1. Vocabulary exercises

1) Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

to interest somebody, pleasant to leave, stop, to have the some opinion, be decided by something, follow from, break, fall down result, effect, importance, provide something, be able to do, necessary, indispensable, fundamental, to produce success, progress, demand forcefully

1. attract, attractive

2. generate

3. depend on

4. essential

5. to abondone

6. to collapse

7. to agree

8. promotion

9. insist on

10. to afford

11. consequence

2) Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the unit:

2. 1) Как только трубопроводы подвергнутся террористической атаке, обеспечение энергией упадет на 40%.

2) Если бы мы установили солнечные панели только на части пустыни Сахара, они бы вырабатывали энергию для всего мира.

3) Я согласен, что если бы женщины управляли миром, они бы покончили с войнами, и было бы меньше конфликтов.

4) Проект будет проводиться в течение двух недель, а затем главного участника проекта сменит следующая участница.

5) Один из жителей Нью-Йорка настаивает на том, что если бы во всех городах Америки были бы законы как в Нью-Йорке, то Америка бы была лучшим местом на земле.

6) Если бы вы захотели выпить бутылку вина в центре парка, вы не могли бы себе этого позволить – это запрещено.

7) Если вас привлекает городская жизнь, не забывайте о необходимости противостоять его соблазнам.

8) Если мы не выполним задачу по обновлению источников энергии (солнечная, ветровая) к 2030 году, нам придется использовать либо ядерную энергию, либо импортировать уголь, газ, нефть.

9) Есть вероятность, что правительство повысит налоги значительно, и это может вызвать беспорядки, даже мятежи.

10) Правительство должно искать альтернативные источники трудовых ресурсов, если они хотят избежать конфликтов между поколениями.

II. Grammar exercises

Active grammar

1) Phrasal verbs

There are different types of phrasal verbs:

1. The verb takes no object (intransitive).

I turned up late.

2. The verb takes an object (transitive) and the verb and particle can split.*

I called off the wedding. I called the wedding off. I called it off.

*When the object is a pronoun (he/she/it, etc.) the verb and particle must split.

NOT: I called off it.

3. The verb takes an object but the verb and particle cannot split (transitive, inseparable).

He’s going through a difficult time.

NOT: He’s going a difficult time through.

4. The verb has two particles and doesn’t split (transitive, inseparable).

We came up with a new idea.

NOT: We came up a new idea with.

1) Put the words in order to make sentences.

1. girlfriend I up split my with

2. We until out didn’t later find.

3. back When you coming are?

4. carry couldn’t I tired because I was on.

5. always She late up turns.

6. with good they up Did any ideas come?

7. going is here on What?

8. match because rain The called off was of.

9. period is company going The a difficult through.

10. more I him up can’t any with put.

2) Use words from Box 1 and Box 2 complete the sentences below. Don’t forget to change the verb tenses.

Box 1

B ox 2

The concert was called off because the singer was sick.

1. I will not ___ ___ ___ this noise! If it continues, I’ll call the police!

2. If you want to ___ ___ ___ the history of science, you’ll need to look in the library.

3. I don’t need a break. I’m going to ___ ___ working.

4. It was a quiet party. There were only six of us, though more people ___ ___ later.

5. Can someone explain? I have no idea what’s ___ ___.

6. She ___ ___ a difficult period when she lost her job, but she’s OK now.

7. Couples usually ___ ___ because of jealousy or boredom, or because they find other partners!

8. My best friend is ___ ___ from her holiday tomorrow, so K’m going to the airport to meet her.

9. You need to ___ ___ ___ a plan to improve your business, because you are losing money.

3) Work with a partner. What is a phrasal verb? What makes it different from other verbs?

1. Circle the correct alternatives to complete the sentences.

1. I grew up/down in Brazil.

2. The children were brought down/up by their aunt.

3. My brother always told me off/on for borrowing his records.

4. You really take before/after your father. You are always complaining.

5. My sister looked after/before me when I was ill.

6. I don’t get on/off very well with my mother.

7. I still look down/up to my older brother, and ask him for advice.

8. We carried off/on arguing until they left home.

4. Use the sentences in Ex.3 to help you match the phrasal verbs from A with the definitions from B.

5. Complete the text using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in Ex.4.

I was brought up in a small town near Paris. My parents are English, so I (1)______ speaking English and French. A young English student lived with us during the school holidays, and she (2)______ me when my parents were away on business. I remember my father always (3)______ us ______ if he heard us speaking in English, because she was studying French. Usually we changed to French for a few minutes, and then (4)______ in English when he couldn’t hear us, because it was easier for both of us. She was an artist, and we (5)______ very well. I (6)______ her, and later tried to become a painter myself. Unfortunately, I (7)______ my father, who wasn’t artistic, and so I was never successful.

6. Answer the questions in groups.

1. Where did you grow up?

2. When you bring up a child, what do you think is the most important thing to teach him/her?

3. As a child, did anyone tell you off? Why? Did this make you stop of did you carry on anyway?

4. Which member of your family do you get on with best?

5. Who in your family do you take after?

6. Who looks after you when you are ill?

7. As a child, who did you look up to?

Lifelong learning

The one rule!

Revise new vocabulary after one hour. Revise it again after one day. And again after one week. Most people need to see or hear new vocabulary at least six times before they can remember it!

Tell your classmates about the different ways that you revise vocabulary.

II. Modal verbs

Certain

+ New technology ____ ____ / definitely change our lives.

– New technology certainly/definitely won’t solve all our problems.

Probably

+ It ___ ___ arrive in Japan first.

– It ___ ___ be cheap.

Possible

+ Customers may/___/could it difficult to use.

– They may not/might not understand it.

1. Choose the correct alternatives.

1. She might/definitely/may to arrive tomorrow. It depends on her work.

2. I’ll probably/Probably I will/I won’t probably see you later. My class has been cancelled.

3. I mayn’t/may not/could not be able to check my emails. I’m having some problems with my computer.

4. Real Madrid will win probably/win definitely/probably win the competition again. They have a strong team.

5. David won’t probably/probably won’t/will not probably come to the party. He’s sleeping as usual.

6. They may come/may to come/come may to the cinema with us if they have time.

2. Decide if these things will certainly, probably of possibly happen in the next twenty years. Then complete the sentences.

Computers will definitely get faster.

1. People ____ stop using CDs and DVDs. They ____ download all music and films from the Internet.

2. Mobile phones ____ become smaller.

3. People ____ get bored with new technology.

4. There ____ be robots in every house.

5. People ____ be able to take holidays in space.

6. China’s economy ____ become much bigger.

1. a. Write seven predictions for people in your class. Don’t write their names.

She’ll probably move to the USA.

He might become a famous musician.

b. Exchange your predictions with other students. Guess who the predictions are about.

4. Draw conclusions using must or can’t and the words in brackets.

1. He drives a very expensive car and owns a private plane. (rich)

He must be very rich

2. He spends all day walking around the town. (job)

3. They are asking the way to the city centre. (tourists)

4. She works for a daily newspaper. She goes to all the big football matches. (sports reporter)

5. I thought he studied medicine, but he’s got an outdoor job now. (doctor)

6. She teaches maths at the university. (stupid)

5. Say what people could or might do. Choose from the jobs in the list.

t eacher librarian guide shop assistant

carpenter professor coach driver nurse sculptor

manager

1. Fred works with wood.

He could be a carpenter, but might also be a sculptor.

2. Janet works with children

3. Healther works in a shop.

4. Greg works with tourists.

Write two or three sentences about the people in the photos.

Reading

1. Yourhome-Myhome.com is a website where families can exchange homes with other families for a holiday. Read the property descriptions below.

Yourhome-Myhome.com

Property 1

A beautiful apartment in the centre of Seville. It is on the third floor and is very quiet all day. All you can hear is the sound of the church bells. The apartment is light and sunny with large windows. The kitchen is new and opens onto the balcony. The bathroom is spacious. There are two bedrooms, one double and one single, and there is a sofa, bed in the living room.

The area

The apartment is in the historical centre of Seville, two minutes’ walk from the cathedral and fifty meters from the commercial centre. There are plenty of local bars and restaurants serving ‘tapas’ (typical Spanish dishes).

Property 2

We have a large semi-detached house with a garden, one hour from the centre of London. The house has four bedrooms, each with an en-suite bathroom, a large kitchen/eating area, a sitting room, a formal dining room and a study. The house is old and has a sense of history, and that makers it special.

The area

There is a daily market and a high street full of shops just ten minutes walk from the house. We are also close to a tube station, which can take you into central London, where you will find all the museums, theatres, shops and restaurants you could wish for.

Text 2.

Discuss.

1. Why is New York City famous? Think about the people, the lifestyle, how New York City appears in films, etc.

2. What was New York City like a few years ago/a hundred years ago? How do you think it has changed?

3. Have you ever been to New York City? Would you like to go/go back? Why/Why not?

4. Do you know any other names for New York City?

2. Read about some changes in New York City. Which of your ideas from question 2 above are mentioned? Find the sentences in the 2 conditionals.

New York used to be the city that never sleeps. These days it’s the city that never smokes, drinks of does anything naughty (at least, not in public). The Big Apple is quickly turning into the Forbidden Apple.

If you wanted a glass of wine with your picnic in Central Park, could you have one? No chance. Drinking alcohol in public isn’t allowed. If you decided to feed the birds with the last crumbs of your sandwich, you could be arrested. It’s illegal. If you went to a bar for a drink and a cigarette, that would be OK, wouldn’t it? Er… no. You can’t smoke in public in New York City.

What’s going on” Why is the city that used to be so open-minded becoming like this? The mayor of New York is behind it all. He has brought in a whole lot of new laws to stop citizens from doing what they want, when they want.

The press are scandalized¹. Even the New York police have joined the argument. They recently spent $100,000 on a ‘Don’t blame the cop²’ campaign. One New York police officer said, ‘We raise money for the city by giving people fines for breaking some very stupid laws. It’s all about money.’

The result is a lot of fines for minor offences. Yoav Kashida, an Israeli tourist, fell asleep on the subway. When he woke up, two police officers fined him because he had fallen asleep on two seats (you mustn’t use two seats in the subway). Elle and Serge Schroitman were fined for blocking a driveway with their car. It was their own driveway.

The angry editor of Vanity Fair magazine, Grayson Carter, says, ‘Under New York City law it is acceptable to keep a gun in your place of work, but not an empty ashtray.’

But not all of New York’s inhabitants are complaining. Marcia Dugarry, 72, said, ‘The city has changed for the better. If more cities had these laws, America would be a better place to live.’ Nixon Fatotkis, 38, a barman, said, ‘I like the new laws. If people smoked in here, we’d go home smelling of cigarettes’.

Recent figures show that New York now has fewer crimes pre 100,000 people than 193 other US cities. And it’s true – it’s safer, cleaner and more healthy than before. But let’s be honest – who goes to New York for its clean streets?

Glossary

¹ scandalized (adj) = shocked/angry

² cop (noun) = police officer (US English)

Vocabulary / adjectives describing places

4. The words in the box can be used to describe cities. Find pairs of words that mean the opposite.

unspoilt – touristy

b. Think of a town or city for each adjective.

Tokyo is enormous.

b. Discuss.

1. Are you surprised by any of the results?

2. Do you think the survey is unfair?

3. Have you been to any of the cities in the list? What did you think of them?

Vocabulary

1. Which of the words below can you use to describe:

2. the buildings and architecture of a town?

_skyscraper__________________

___________________________

___________________________

3. the atmosphere of a town?

_lively______________________

___________________________

___________________________

Text 3

Read the text about top cities.

Top Cities

Have you ever walked around a city and thought, ‘this is Paradise’? Or maybe, ‘this is the ugliest, most polluted, dangerous, frightening place I’ve ever been to and I can’t wait to get out’?

Most of us have. And that’w why most of us like to know about the place before we go there. One thing we can do is read a good guide book. Another is to look at a new survey conducted by William Mercer, one of the world’s largest Human Resources consultancies.

Mercer decided to judge some of the world’s great cities. They produced their results by giving marks for various criteria. These included political, economic and social environment, healthcare, educational provision, recreation and transport infrastructure.

So, which are the best cities to live in, and which should we avoid? In joint first place were Vancouver, Berne, Vienna and Zurich while Sydney, Geneva, Auckland and came second. Swiss cities occupied there of the top ten places, making it the single most successful country of all those surveyed.

New York was used as the base city with a score of 100, which put it in 50^th place. Overall, US cities suffered because of high crime rates. The highest ranked US city was Honolulu with 104 points.

For Londoners, the news was not too bad. London was slightly ahead of New York with 101.5. The report named London’s good international relations as a positive point. Its poorest scores – six out of ten – were awarded for its climate and traffic. Bottom of the list was Brazzaville, in the Congo, where there has been a civil war for many years.

Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London, last night said it was unfair to compare large international cities with small cities since the smaller ones were far easier to run. ‘You have to look at cities of five million people plus. On that basis we’re much better than Tokyo and New York’, said Mr. Livingstone.

IV. WRITING

1. Think of three people you know professionally but not personally. For example, your dentist, a waitress in a café you visit regularly, your hairdresser, a shop assistant.

Write a few sentences describing the sort of people you think they are.

2. Thank you letters

1. Read the letters and answer the questions.

1. Why is Liliana writing?

2. What did they do during Liliana’s visit?

3. Why is William Dabbitt writing?

4. Did Ms Jenkins and her team do a good job? How do we known?

Writing skill / formal/informal

2. a. Which letter is formal? How do you know? Are these features normally formal or informal? Write (F) or (I).

1. full verb forms (e.g. We are) ___

2. contractions (e.g. I’m) ___

3. the passive ___

4. exclamation marks (!) ___

5. abbreviations (e.g. thanks) ___

b. Underline examples of these features in the letters.

3. Informal emails

1. Read the email and answer the questions.

1. Why hasn’t Mark written recently?

2. What are Fernando’s hobbies?

3. How does Mark know about Fabio’s mews?

4. What is Felicity studying?

5. What does Mark invite Fernando to do?

Informal greeting

Hi Fernando,

1. Thank for your email. It’s great to hear from you. It’s great to hear from you. I’m sorry I haven’t been in touch for a while, but I’ve been very busy with work. I’m travelling a lot at the moment. I’ve been to Germany, Spain, Brazil, China and Japan in the last four months!

2. How are things with you? Are you still doing karate and running every day? Have you found a girlfriend yet? Do you remember Fabio? I saw him the other day and he’s married now and has four children!

3. Anyway, life here is pretty good. Felicity is enjoying her course, and is very excited about becoming a teacher. We would love to see you sometime. Why don’t you come and visit us next time you are in the UK?

4. Look forward to hearing from you again soon.

All the best,

Mark

Informal language for ending, e.g. Love, Mark, Lots of love, Mark, All the best, Mark.

Report on use of emails

Rosana Mendes, human resources manager, requested a survey about use of emails at work in order to improve office communication and identify training needs.

Procedure

Staff were given a questionnaire to be returned by 8 March.

1. Number of emails received per day

2. Use of email technology

3. Stress caused by ‘email overload’

Results

Out of 48 members of staff, 40 returned the questionnaire.

1 Number of emails

Staff were asked to indicate how many emails they received per day on average. Results were:

5 members of staff receive between 1 and 5

8 members of staff receive between 6 and 10

14 members of staff receive between 11 and 15

3 members of staff receive more than 15

Staff were also asked how many of these emails they felt were unnecessary. Results were:

16 members of staff receive between 1 and 5 unnecessary emails

22 members of staff receive between 6 and 10

2 members of staff receive between 10 and 15

2 Technology

38 staff members check their email more than once a day

36 staff members know how to organize folders

20 members of staff know how to use the meeting schedule

6 members of staff know how to use voting buttons

3 Stress

32 members of staff feel that emails are a major cause of stress. The most common reasons for this are:

- being copied into emails which do not concern them (given by 30 members of staff)

- unclear wording (given by 23 members of staff)

- overuse of the ‘urgent’ icon (given by 14 members of staff)

32 members of staff think that the problem will get worse in the future.

3. You need to pick out some of the most important figures in order to present them at a staff meeting. Scan the text and complete the notes below with the correct number of staff in each gap (1-7).

Writing

Reports usually end with a conclusion which gives the most important points about the figures and some recommendations about what the company should do.

1. Look at the sentences (1-4) below, which draw conclusions from the report. Underline the correct alternative in italics for each.

1. A majority/minority of staff members said they received too many emails.

2. This is always/often/never because messages are copied to them unnecessarily.

3. Although most/not many staff know how to create folders, most of them/few of them can use often aspects of the software such as the voting buttons.

4. A majority/minority of staff members felt that emails were a major source of stress.

2. Work with a partner. Write two possible recommendations for the end of the report. If you need help, look at the list below.

• reminder to staff

• training session

• external trainer

• have a ‘no emails’ day each week

Unit 10

Vocabulary list

1. cooperative

2. Entrepreneur

3. devaluation

4. eicence

5. emerge

6. wages

7. encourage

8. remarkable

9. currently

10. asset

11. challenge

12. sociable environment

13. peer

14. initially

15. contribution

16. to reach a goal

17. exceed a target

18. to impose

19. reward

20. public plaise

21. senior role

22. pay bonus

23. feedback

24. to define

25. achieve

26. relevant

27. salary

28. fair

29. appraise

30. dismiss

31. promote

32. assist

33. adventure

34. profit

35. value

36. wealth

37. flexible

I. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

Initially, to define, remove, benefit, dismiss, assist, profit, to value, advantage, encourage, to achieve, exceptional, remarkable wages, originally, at the beginning state clearly, outline to have a high, to staminate opinion

1. at first –

2. explain –

3. reject –

4. help –

5. gain –

6. estimate –

7. encourage –

8. give support –

9. accomplish –

10) unusual –

11) payment –

II. Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the unit:

1. При исследовании самых богатых людей в возрасте до 40 было выяснено, что 5 из 10 происходят из России.

2. Реальные зарплаты упали, что способствовала росту опалых предприятиях.

3. Импортные товары стали слишком дорогими для среднего Россиянина, поэтому внутреннее производство выросло.

4. В 90-е годы миллион молодых россиян уехали за границу в поисках новых возможностей.

5. Мотивированная (трудовые ресурсы) рабочая сила – ценные достижение для бизнеса, которое может во многом способствовать конкурентоспособности.

6. Чтобы быть эффективными, цели должны быть четко определены, достижимы, но не слишком просты.

7. В целом, работники должны верить, что заработные платы, выплачиваемые или справедливы.

8. Я хочу сделать карьеру, поэтому мне нужна работа с возможностью продвижения.

9. Иногда мне не хватает уверенности, поэтому любой совет моих коллег очень ценен для меня.

10. Оливки собирают в конце осени и затем подвергают их отжиму, перед этим промывая их и очищая от листьев.

III. a Read the questions and check the meaning of the words in bold.

1. Are there many unemployed people in your country?

2. Would you like to be self-employed? What are the advantages/disadvantages?

3. What qualifications do you have for your job/future job? How experienced are you?

4. When you apply for a job, do you normally send a CV? Do you need to include references?

5. How do you hear about job vacancies in your (future) profession?

6. Do you do a 9-5 job? Would you like to work flextime?

7. Do you work long hours? How often do you work overtime?

8. What are the perks of your job/being a student?

9. Is your work of subject rewarding? What do you like about it?

10. What are the biggest challenges in your job/studies?

11. How often do you expect to get a pay rise in your job/future job? Is it easy to get promoted?

12. Would you like to work on commission? Why/why not?

b Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.

IV. SPEAKING

1 a Read the quotes. Write A (agree), D (disagree), of M (maybe).

‘ People who work sitting down get paid more then people who work standing up.’ (Orgen Nash)

‘ The longer the title, the less important the job.’ (George McGovern)

‘ Most workplaces have too many rules. Employees aren’t children, and the office isn’t a junior school.’ (Araba Green)

‘ Most managers spend their time making it difficult for workers to work.’ (Paul shorter)

b Compare your ideas with other students.

V. READING

1. Text one. Read the text.

Which workers normally do these things?

Write answers, then compare with a partner.

Type letters – secretaries

3 a Read the introduction to the text. Who is Ricardo Semler? What problem did he have?

b What changes do you think Semler made? Discuss with other students and write a list. Read the rest of the text to find out.

‘Everyone at Semco, even top managers, meets guests in reception, does the photocopying, sends faxes, types letters and dials the phone.’

He let his workers take more responsibility so that they would be the ones worrying when things went wrong. He allowed them to set their own salaries, and he cut all the jobs he thought were unnecessary, like receptionists and secretaries. This saved money and brought more equality to the company. ‘Everyone at Semco, even top managers, meets guests in reception, does the photocopying, sends faxes, types letters and dials the phone.’

He completely reorganized the office: instead of walls, they have plants at Semco, so bosses can’t shut themselves away from everyone else. And the workers are free to decorate their workspace as they want. As for uniforms, some people wear suits and others wear T-shirts.

Semler says, ‘We have a sales manager named Rubin Agater who sits there reading the newspapaer hour after hour. He doesn’t even pretend to be busy. But when a Semco pump on the other side of the world fails and millions of gallons of oil are about to spill into the sea, Rubin springs into action. He knows everything there is to know about our pumps and how to fix them. That’s when he earns his salary. No one cares if he doesn’t look busy the rest of the time.’

Semco has flexible working hours; the employees decide when they need to arrive at work. The employees also evaluate their bosses twice a year. Also, Semco lets its workers use the company’s machines for their own projects, and makes them take holidays for at least thirty days a year.

It sounds perfect, but does it work? The answer is in the numbers: in the last six years, Semco’s revenues have gone from $35 million to $212 million. The company has grown from eight hundred employees to 3,000. Why?

Semler says it’s because of ‘peer pressure’. Peer pressure makes everyone work hard for everyone else. If someone isn’t doing his job well, the other workers will not allow the situation to continue. In other words, Ricardo Semler treats his workers like adults and expect them to act like adults. And they do.

Text 2

Chanel No.5

Vocabulary

The flow chart below shows the process used to extract scent from flowers. This is used to make Chanel No.5.

Study the flow chart and then complete the description with the verbs in the box in the passive form.

Chanel No. 5 is the world’s best’selling perfume. Its main ingredients are roses, jasmine and musk. On the Chanel farm, the flowers 1 are picked and the petals 2 …… into sacks. Then, within half an hour, they 3 …… to the production plant. At the plant, the petals 4 …… and then they 5 …… into 50 kg vats. Next, an extraction solvent 6 …… . The petals 7 …… three times in this solution so that the natural oils and resins come out.

Eventually, the flowers 8 …… from the vats and the remaining solvent 9 …… . This leaves a solid material known as the ‘concrete’, which can be stored for several years until the perfume 10 …… .

add evaporate load pick put remove require transport wash weigh

VI. Grammar exercises

Word building

1. Add some examples of prefixes to the table below.

2. Complete the text using prefixes.

Life CHANGE

Many people dislike their job. Maybe hey are (1) ______ worked or (2) ______ paid. Maybe they feel (3) ______ valued in the company or they (4) ______ agree with the company’s methods. If you are one of these people, why not change things? LifeCHANGE workshops show you how to be (5) _____ dependent. You will see (6) _____ credible differences in your life as your problems (7) _____ appear. Change is never (8) _____ possible, but you have to make the first move.

Call us on 0879 997 5543 for an (9) _____ formal chat.

3. Add some examples of suffixes to the table below.

Work adjectives

1. Each speaker is describing a job. Match the adjective to the description. There is one extra adjective.

glamorous exciting rewarding challenging flexible stressful repetitive

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5 .

6.

Prepositions

4. Underline the correct preposition in these adverts.

We are looking 1 on/for/to an experienced individual who is able to work alone. You will be responsible 2 for/in/of the running of our new Madrid office whilst reporting 3 for/to/on a manager in south-east of England.

Fluency 4 in/for/on Spanish is essential and a good knowledge 5 of/in/with Portuguese is preferred for dealing with our Latin American clients, as well as the ability to communicate with people from all cultural backgrounds.

Salary will depend 6 on/of/in experience.

The post comes with excellent long-term prospects 7 of/to/for a candidate with a proven track record, preferably with experience 8 in/for/on planning budgets.

Present perfect simple and continuous

5. Underline the correct form of the verb.

1. I’ve done/’ve been doing my essay and handed it in.

2. I’ve done/’ve been doing my essay and I still need to write the conclusion.

3. They’ve replied/’ve been replying to all one hundred people so that’s an end to it.

4. He’s talked/’s been talking on the phone since 10 o’clock so I haven’t been able to see him yet.

5. How much money have you spent/have you beet spending since last week?

6. How long have you waited/have you been waiting for their decision? Why don’t you give them a call and ask for their answer?

7. We’ve always used/been using this type of computer.

8. No-one has ever complained/been complaining before.

9. The photocopier’s broken/’s been breaking down again. That’s the fifth time this month.

10. How many people have applied/have been applying so far?

6. Underline the correct phrase.

1 I’ve been writing and sending letters already/all day.

2 We’ve employed twenty new workers in the last three weeks/for months.

3 You’ve answered five questions in the last hour/for an hour.

4 I’ve been asking them about this for days/three times.

5 They asked me really difficult questions at the interview/over the interview.

6 She’s had lots of interviews over the years/hour.

7 They’ve interviewed 10 people in three hours/all day long.

8 He/s been waiting since over two hours/8 o’clock this morning.

7. Write the verbs in this conversation in the present perfect continuous.

F: Hi Sandy.

S: Hi Frieda. Sorry I’m late. How long 1 have you been waiting (wait)?

F: Not long. I’s OK. I² ______ (read) my book. It’s about a detective. He³ ______ (chase_ this bad guy for months. I’ve just got to the final chapter. Anyway, what⁴ ______ you ______ (do) today?

S: I was with a friend. We⁵ ______ (study) for our exams.

F: What do you think you’ll do after university?

S: I haven’t spent any time on that yet. I just want to pass these exams first. What about you? How’s the job?

F: Well, my company⁶ ______ (promise) me a promotion for months but nothing’s happened.

S: Well. You⁷ ______ (work) there a long time. Maybe it’s time to move on…

8. Complete each sentence with since or for.

1. I’ve been working here ______ 2003.

2. He’s been in charge ______ Kasia left.

3. I’ve been waiting for a reply ______ over a fortnight.

4. Maria has been out of work ______ June.

5. We’ve only been here ______ a few minutes.

6. Lisa hasn’t seen her family ______ she was a child.

7. There have been a lot of changes ______ they arrived.

8. My friend and I have been trying to solve this problem ______ a week now.

9. Look at these mini-dialogues. Write full questions using the present perfect simple of continuous form.

1. Q: How long/you/write/that report?

A: About 6 hours.

2. Q: How many reports/you/write?

A: Six in total.

3. Q: Have/you/wait/a long time?

A: Yes, about an hour.

4. Q: Where/he/live?

A: In five different countries.

5. Q: Where/they/live?

A: In France since last year.

6. Q: Who/she/interview/all morning?

A: Candidates for the post of receptionist.

7. Q: How many/they/interview/this morning?

A: Two people. One of them was from Vietnam.

READING

1. Read the information leaflet about interviews. Choose the correct heading, a-f, for each paragraph.

a) Show you are interested

b) The handshake

c) Make every second count

d) First impressions

e) The eyes and the month

f) Use your body

1. ____________

From the moment an interviewer meets you, he or she forms an idea about what sort of person you are, and what kind of employee you would make.

So how can you appear more confident, even if you are feeling nervous?

2. ____________

When we are nervous, we tend to walk more slowly and look indecisive. Alan Powers, an expert in body language, says that when an interviewee walks into the interview room, he or she should pause at the door and then walk confidently.

3. ____________

When you shake hands, hold it with a strong grip but also be friendly. A weak grip means a weak character whereas if you are too strong, you won’t impress the interviewer either.

4. ____________

It’s important to look interested and attentive but don’t stare at your potential boss. And SMILE from time to time! It also helps you to relax.

5. ____________

Sit up and be interested. Lean forward and avoid crossing your arms or legs. According to Powers, it can also be helpful to ‘copy’ the interviewer’s movements. Copying, or what Powers calls ‘mirroring’, is a way for us to tell others that we think in the same way.

6. _____________

‘You never get a second chance’, says image consultant Jane Chapman: ‘Interviews only give you a short time to show who you are. By using body language and dress, you can start as soon as you get through the door.’

2 Read the leaflet again and decide if these statements are true or false.

1 Interviewers usually don’t form an opinion about you until you start answering their questions. ___

2 The speed at which you walk will tell the interviewer how you feel. ___

3 When you shake someone’s hand, a really strong grip is always best. ___

4 Don’t stop smiling and when you talk, make sure what you say is interesting. ___

5 Try to copy what the interviewer says and always agree with him or her. ___

6 Think about how you can use every moment of the interview to make sure you get that job. ___

EXTRA VOCABULARY:

Noun combinations

3 Match a word from each column to make noun combinations about work and interviews.

s hock details

contact tactics

survey agency

past experience

killer results

customer question

recruitment appearance

smart services

4 Complete sentences 1-8 with noun combinations from Exercise 3.

1 Can you tell me if these contact details are correct? For example, is your telephone number still 0207 859 6877?

2 ______ ______ show that 68 percent of employers rate real life experience more highly than qualifications.

3 Interviewer was awful. She asked me a ______ ______ about which famous celebrity I would invite to dinner.

4 At an interview, I like to ask simple questions and then I use ______ ______ to throw the candidate off guard.

5 Tell me a little about your ______ ______ with your previous employer. Did you enjoy working there?

6 Hello. ______ ______ . How can I help you today?

Writing/letter of application

1. Read the advert and this letter of application. Do you think it is a good letter? Does it have any problems? If so, what are they?

English-speaking Tour Guide Wanted

Our client is an English family with two young children who would like to spend two weeks travelling around the country, visiting all the most important tourist sites.

The successful applicant for this position will spend two weeks accompanying the family, ensuring they have a comfortable and informative trip.

You will have a good level of English and a good knowledge of the major tourist sites.

There is very generous remuneration for this position and all (first-class) travel and living expenses will be paid.

Please apply in writing to Marsha Thorpe, LuxHolidays.

15 Cavendish Square, London W1 3PN.

Dear Ms Thorpe I am writing to apply for the position you advertised in ‘english Language Weekly’ on 14^th June.

I am twenty-one years old and in the third year of a degree in tourism Im also studying English as a subsidiary subject. I have a good knowledge of all the major Tourist sites and can communicate well in English Last summer I worked as a tour guide for Thomas Holidays in addition I have two younger brothers and have always enjoyed being with and looking after children I am available during the months of july and august and would very much value the opportunity to work with this English family.

I can be contacted and the above address of by phone on 07941 127123 if you have any further questions please don’t hesitate to call me. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely,

(Silvia Nero)

Premium plus 58

2. You are going to reply to this advert with a partner. Decide how many paragraphs you will have. Make notes of what you will put in each paragraph.

Get Away From It All!

We have a few limited places for volunteers to join our round-the-world sailing expedition, which will carry out scientific research in various remote islands and other parts of the world. You can be part of this unforgettable experience for three months. No experience of working on boats is necessary, but it is important that you are flexible, hard-working and can be an enthusiastic member of a team. Food and accommodation provided.

Apply to Voyage International, PO Box 294, Croydon, Surrey.

4. Write your letter in 120-18- words. Pay careful attention to your punctuation.

Premium plus 59

Roleplay

Work in groups of three.

Students A and B

You are the parents of C. One of you is a doctor and the other a lawyer, and you would like C to follow one of these professions, but C has other ideas. Explain to C why yours are such good careers.

Student C

A and B are you parents. They want you to become a lawyer of a doctor, but you have different ideas! You want to be one of the following (or choose one of your own):

a dancer a musician a poet an explorer a model a jockey an astronaut …

Talk together, and try to persuade each other to see your point of view.

TRANSLATION

5. Do these jobs exist in your country? Can you translate them into your language?

1 Personal assistant

2 Sales manager

3 Finance director

4 Chief administrator

5 Marketing executive

6 Chief executive officer

What is your job title (or what job would you like to do in the future)? Cam you translate it into English?

Unit 11

1. Vocabulary list

1. to compete for

2. superior

3. confident

4. to be keen

5. showroom

6. subsidiary

7. multinational company

8. to insert

9. upside down

10. entire

11. batch

12. insist on

13. to take responsibilities

14. to give a public working

15. trustrated

16. culture

cultural

cultured

multicultural

culture shock

17. dress code

18. salary

wage

earnings

19. recruit

20. trainee

21. feed back

22. work force

2. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words, given below:

Staff, employees, answer, reply, student, pupil, employ, apply, to add, to put into, annoyed, unhappy, a number, of things, a quantity of substance needed or produced, branch, very interested in, certain

1. work force

2. feedback

3. trainee

4. recruit

5. insert

6. frustrated

7. batch

8. subsidiary

9. keen (on, to do)

III. Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the unit:

1. Ошибка произошла в Японии на дочернем предприятии американской транснациональной компании.

2. Во время производства деталь машины была вставлена неправильно, вся партия была испорчена.

3. Если бы руководитель головного предприятия не сделала бы выговора в присутствии всего персонала человеку, совершившему ошибку, производство стало бы менее эффективным.

4. Если бы сотрудники фирмы не были бы так заинтересованы в получении контракта и не произвели бы такого хорошего впечатления своей презентацией, они бы не выиграли контракт.

5. Если бы сотрудники фирмы установили бы основные антивирусные программы и не относились бы так легко мысленно к загрузке файлов и программ из интернета, у них не было бы столько проблем с поломкой систем и потерей времени.

6. Деловые встречи и переговоры в Финляндии очень официальные и деловые. Если бы финны тратили больше времени на личные разговоры, то они бы проводили свои встречи скорее в ресторанах, а не в офисах.

7. Финны очень неразговорчивы, их не смущают паузы в разговоре, они не испытывают необходимости в заполнении их.

8. Главной целью компании является предложить работникам интересную работу и хорошие условия труда.

9. Развитие и поддержание тесных партнерских отношений, производство высококачественной продукции по конкурентоспособным ценам – все это ключ к успеху компании.

10. Если бы мы не проводили ежеквартальных собраний штата, сотрудники не были бы так информированы о деятельности компании.

IV. Reading

Corporate culture

Getting started

(1) Read the following dictionary definition.

Corporate culture

Reading

1 Read this quiz to find out what kind of company culture is best for you. Circle A for agree or D for disagree.

What kind of company culture would suit you?

SECTION A

1 I like taking time to have a chat with colleagues even if this means spending more time at work. A/D

2 It’s nice when people at work celebrate birthdays or special occasions. A/D

3 I prefer people to fix a time to meet me rather than come to my office or my desk at any time. A/D

4 I don’t like working in an open space with everyone’s desk in the same area. I work better in an office of my own. A/D

5 I like to put photos and personal objects in my workspace. A/D

SECTION B

6 If I disagree with my boss, I can tell him/her. A/D

7 I prefer to receive a formal report about my work, not just casual comments. A/D

8 When my boss gives me something to do, I like to get detailed instructions that I can follow. A/D

9 It’s important for me to feel I am involved in the decision-making process at work. A/D

10 A company should have standard procedures and policies that everyone must follow, not ones which change with people’s situations or personalities. A/D

SECTION C

11 A company must keep up with the times. A/D

12 I need to take on challenges to make my job interesting. A/D

13 When planning a strategy, it is useful to look at what has worked well in the past. A/D

14 A company should be proud of its traditions. A/D

15 Finally, which of these proverbs do you prefer?

a Better safe than sorry.

b Nothing ventured, nothing gained

Text 2

Olympus

Olympus are an international company who produce goods for the notepad computer market.

They have published the following statement of their corporate culture on their website.

About OLYMPUS

Describing attitudes

I think their attitude to the company is very warm.

I think they sound enthusiastic about the company they work for.

To me, they seem very dissatisfied with the corporate culture.

They sound angry about the changes.

Text 3

Doing business in Finland

a Small talk e Communication style

b Task or relationship focused? f Pastimes in Finland

c Level of familiarity g Attitudes to time-keeping

d Entertaining

Use the Third Conditional to talk about a real/hypothetical situation in the present/past.

Form the Third Conditional with:

If + subject + past perfect + would(n’t) have/could(n’t) have + past participle.

If I had stayed at work, I wouldn’t have spent time with Jack

Past condition Past result (hypothetical)

or

I would’ve cooked dinner, if I’d known you sere coming.

Past condition Past result (hypothetical)

In spoken English, have and had are usually contracted to ‘ve and ‘d (see example above).

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