- •The verb
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Classification of Verbs
- •§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •In demonstrations, instructions, commentaries and itineraries.
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous
- •An action in progress
- •A temporary characteristic of a person
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect
- •A series of actions which have happened up to now and can be continued
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which began in the past and is still in progress
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite
- •An action performed in the past
- •A general characteristic of a person in the past
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past or a past state
- •A succession of past actions
- •A repeated action in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the past
- •An action prior to another past action
- •An action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite
- •A future action or an official arrangement
- •A prediction based on our opinion or past experience
- •A polite inquiry
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the future
- •A fixed arrangement seen as a part of routine
- •An anticipated future action
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice
- •§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian
- •Combinations of the verb бути with the Past Participle Passive
- •§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice
- •Informal English
- •Formal notices and announcements
- •Press reports
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes
- •§ 3. Indirect Statements
- •§ 4. Indirect Questions
- •§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests
- •§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice
- •§ 7. Indirect Exclamations
- •§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking
- •§ 9. Modal Verbs
- •§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises the verb
- •The present indefinite
- •The present continuous
- •The present perfect
- •The present perfect continuous
- •The past indefinite
- •The past continuous
- •The past perfect
- •The past perfect continuous
- •The future tenses
- •The passive voice
- •The sequence of tenses direct and indirect speech
- •Revision exercises
- •The table of irregular verbs
- •Bibliography
§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous
The Past Perfect Continuous has two uses:
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive (Durative)
The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive (Resultative)
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment.
The preposition FOR denotes the whole period of duration of the action.
SINCE denotes the starting point of the action.
We can also use the adverbials of the type: those (two) days, all day (long), all that year, all his life, etc.
E.g. |
for two hours when she came. |
He said he had been translating the text |
|
|
since that time. |
NOTE 1. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive is translated into Ukrainian by the past imperfective.
E.g. They had been playing chess for an hour when their mother came.
Вони грали в шахи годину, коли прийшла їх мати.
The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive denotes an action which was in progress just before a definite moment in the past and affected the situation in some way.
E.g. She was very tired. She had been writing letters all day long.
Ann closed the book she had been reading and went to open the door.
NOTE 2. The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive is translated into Ukrainian by the past imperfective.
E.g. Her eyes were red. Obviously she had been crying.
У неї почервоніли очі. Очевидно, вона плакала.
NOTE 3. We use progressive forms to talk about more temporary actions and situations. When we talk about longer-lasting or permanent actions and situations we use simple forms.
E.g. His legs were stiff as he had been standing for a long time.
That tree had stood there for 200 years.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAST CONTINUOUS AND THE PAST |
PERFECT CONTINUOUS INCLUSIVE |
The Past Continuous |
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive |
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|
E.g. He was translating the text at that moment. |
E.g. He had been translating the text for two hours/since Tuesday. |
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAST PERFECT INCLUSIVE AND |
THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS INCLUSIVE |
The Past Perfect Inclusive |
The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive |
|
NOTE. There is a tendency in modern English to use the stative verbs to want, to wish, etc. in the Perfect Continuous form. |
E.g. He said he had been in England for two years/since 2002. |
E.g. He said he had been wanting to talk to her since he came back from England. |
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PAST PERFECT AND |
THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS EXCLUSIVE |
The Past Perfect |
The Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive |
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|
E.g. He said he had read that book and could discuss it with me. |
E.g. He said he was tired as he had been reading that book for a long time. |
THE FUTURE TENSES |
|
THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE |
(THE FUTURE SIMPLE) |