Aposiopesis ( Gr.Aposiopan to keep silence) is a stylistic device of a sudden pause, break in speech.

Apostrophe (Gr. epi, above, strepho, to address) - a stylistic device of intentional deviation from the narration, with the purpose of address to a living being or a thing, for the sake of emphasis.

Assonance - repetition of stressed vowels within the word combination or at its end as a type of incomplete rhyme.

Because of impossibility or unwillingness of a speaker to go on speaking.

Asyndeton - omission of conjunctions and connecting elements in a complex syntactical structure

Authology – the use of stylistically neutral words in their direct meanings.

Ballad ( Fr. ballade) – an ancient folklore poetic work intended for singing or as a rule to accompany a dance; a traditional ballad ( the author is not identifies) and modern ballad as an exquisite work of poetry, consisting of three poetic stanzas and the fourth, containing a dedication or a generalization with and limited rhythmic pattern, i.e. the same metre and rhyme in all the stanzas.

Bathos (Gr. Bathos, depth) – is a stylistic device of style denigration, a shift from elevated to low styles.

Burlesque (It. burla, a clown)- a comic playful genre in fiction aiming stylistic lowering, / serious is made comical, elavated - low/.

Burden (Fr. Refrain) is a phrase, poetic line or strophe, reiterating in different text positions of a work of art.

Caesura (L. caesura, division, stop) is cutting, rhythmical pause in the middle of verse line, often coinciding

with poetic pause: I shot an arrow// into the air.

Chiasmus (Gr.Chiasmos, reverse, cross composition) is reverse parallelism, a stylistic figure of inversion in the second part

of rhetorical period or syntactic construction.

Climax (Gr. climax) – the highest point in the dynamics of narration, a peak of emotional, artistic and esthetic tension.

Couplet (Fr. couplet)- a compositional form in poetry, which consists of lines building up a stanza, or two neigbouring lines in a stanza, similar in the amount of syllables, size and rhyme

Collision (L. collision, a blow, a clash)- a conflict, a clash of actors in a work of art.

Consonance- the coincidence of repeated consonants

Caricature (It. caricatura, a funny picture)- a comic description or a picture, breaking the proportions, characteristics of a portrayed object, event or phenomenon grotesquely.

Catharsis (Gr. katharsis, purification)- strong emotional impact ( fear, admiration, pathos… shared by the reader) which results in a certain psychological state of purification, elevation.

Detachment - a syntactical stylistic device, a certain degree of syntactical independence and consequently emphasis, acquired by a member of the sentence in positions, highlightened due to stress and intonation, as well as punctuation.

Dissonance - the coincidence of unstressed vowels and consonants while the stressed vowels are different

Elegy (Gr. elegos, mourning poem) - a poem of subjective character, reflection, often a sad poem about unshared love.

Ellipsis (Gr. ellipsis, omission) is the omission of one of the main members of the sentence for the sake of emphasis ( it should be differentiated from structural ellipsis of the conversational style, used for the sake of compression and to avoid repetition)

Emphasis - particular (logic, emotional) significance of one or several elements, achieved by phonetic (intonation, stress), lexical (connotation, pragmatic lexical component, irregular semantics), syntactic (special constructions, inversion, parallelism) or compositional means (advancement).

Epigram - a short poetic work, often satirical interplay of events, ideas, usually ending with an aphorism or a wise apothegm.

Epigraph (Gr.epi, on, grapho, to write) - a small quotation preceding a text or its part.

Epilogue (Gr. epilogos, conclusion) - a concluding part of a literary work, usually cut off in time from the final events of the narration.

Epistolary genres (L. epistola, a letter) - literary works written in a letter form.

Epitaph (Gr, epi, above taphos, a grave) - a memorial inscription on the gravestone or monument.

Epithalame - a wedding song, devoted to a fiancé and a fiancée.

Epithet – a stylistic device, a word or a phrase, expressing a property or characteristics of a thing, phenomenon, presented in an imaginative form and reflecting a subjective, emotional attitude.

Epics (Gr. epos, a song) - early epic poetry of pre-written period; heroic narrative poetry in the elevated style.

Essay (Fr.essai) - a sketch, a short composition in prose, the author’s reflections on a certain theme.

Euphemism (Gr. euphemeo, to speak politely) - a stylistic device, containing a substitute of an unpleasant, forbidden

by the etiquette, insulting, derogative word by a neutral or more pleasant word or expression.

Euphony ( or instrumentation) - the phonetic arrangement of the text creating a certain tonality; euphony as sound harmony ( in its narrow sense).

Exposition (L. expositio, explaining) - events preceding the dramatic collision and the climax, part of the literary composition of a work in fiction.

Fable (L. fabula, narration) - a simple short allegorical narrative, often about animals, containing a social maxime, based on evident exaggeration.

Farce ( Fr. farce) – a satirical dramatic genre, aimed at ridicule

Fiction – a branch of literature, narrative, such as novels, stories and romance.

Feulleton (Fr.feuilleton, a page) is a newspaper satiric genre, critique of the burning problem, event.

Framing - a repetition of a word, a phrase or a sentence in the beginning and in the end of a semantic group, a sentence, a line, stanza, paragraph, a whole text.

Gradation (L. Gradus, a step, growth) - a compositional device based on the increase of emotional and compositional dynamics in a work of fiction.

Grotesque (Fr. Grotesque)- a device of fantastic comic exaggeration which results in breaking the real form of existence for a certain object.

Hyperbole (Gr. hyperbole, limit)- a stylistic device based om deliberate exxageration of a quality, quantity, size, dimension, etc., e.g. Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old.

Imagery – a system of images in a work of art.

Inversion (L. inversio, transposition, shift)- a stylistic device of placing a word or a phrase into an unusual syntactical position, as a rule for the sake of expressiveness; emphatic inversion should be distinguished from grammatical inversion, i.e. a change of a traditional model of syntactical structure to reveal a change in grammatical meaning or function.

Irony (Gr. eironeia, pretence, fraud)- a stylistic device, based on an implicit contrastive change in the meaning of a word, a sentence, a part of text, while .

Limerick (Engl. Limerick)- a comic poem which consists of 5 lines and contains an absurd or a hyperbolized situation and is, as a rule semantically formed on the basis of a semantic blank.

Litotes / understatement ( Gr. litos, simple)- a stylistic device, based on the emphatic decrease or indication of a scarce amount of positive quality against the evidently negative background.

Melodrama (Fr. melodrame)- a romantic play or a play causing strong emotional reaction.

Memoirs (Fr. memoire, memory)- a literary work, the first- person narration, presenting events of the personal experience of a narrator.

Metaphor (Gr. metaphora, transfer)- a stylistic device, a figurative stylistic nomination, a tranfer of meaning based on similarity of two objects ( i.e. a word or a phrase denoting a certain object is used as a name of another on the basis of their similarity); simple and sustained metaphors, genuine and trite metaphors, e.g. Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines.

Metre (metron, measure) - a certain rhythmic model, determined in poetry by the character and quantity of feet in a line and produced by the currency and interchange of syntactic structures in prose.

Metonymy (Gr. metonymia, a change of a name)- a stylistic device, a figurative stylistic nomination, transfer of meaning based on contiguity, when a word or a phrase denoting one object is used to denote another one on the basis of their contiguity (the relations of material and object, author and work, container and contents, sign and object of nomination, instrument and action, object and its function, part and whole - synecdoche as a type of metonymy) etc.: Sceptre and crown must tumble down \ And in the dust be equal made \ With the poor crooked scythe and spade

Monograph (Gr. Mono, one, grapho, I write)- a scientific work, limited to the investigation of one problem.

Mystery-play (L.mysterium)- a type of religious plays, popular in the Middle Ages, commonly based on bible or other religious tales.

Myth (Gr. mythos, legend, story)- ancient legends explaining natural phenomena and beliefs; they are based on the idea of supernatural .

Novel (It. Novella) – a prosaic work of art of considerable volume, with the common plot, psychological characterization, dramatic conflict; autobiographic, biographic, detective, historical, political, romance, adventure, knavish, psychological, science-fiction, knight, women novels .

Ode (Gr. Oide, song)- a lyrical elevated work of poetry with a common rhythm and metre model of a poetic stanza.

Onomatopoeia (Gr. onomatopoiia, word-building)- sound-imitation, a phonetic stylistic device, nomination, kou-kou, rustle, bah based on imitation of some quality of an object.

Oxymoron (Gr. oxys, sharp, moron, stupid)- a stylistic device, stylistic nomination assigning a non-compatible property to an object: elloquent silence, terribly beautiful.

Outcome (Fr. denouement) - events in the works of art, immediately following culmination, slump of tension.

Pamphlet (L. pamphilius)- a small- size booklet, a publicist genre.

Panegyric (Gr. panegyricos, meeting) – a solemn praising speech.

Paradox (Gr. para, not correct, dox, opinion) - a statement containing a contradiction, its interpretation results in ambiguity or polysemantic interpretation: Wine costs money, blood does not cost anything \ B. Shaw.

Parallelism (Gr. parallelos, attending, accompanying) - a syntactical stylistic device, based on similarity of constructions, in the neighbouring or correlated context, bringing in a combination of words and sentences, equivalent, complimentary or opposed in sense \ as a rule, the term ”syntactical parallelism” is used \; a compositional device based on topical repetition or dubbing a plot development line in a work of art / the story by O` Henry “The Roads We Take”

Paronomasia - similarity in sounding of contextually connected words, e.g. raven – raving - ravin’ – never.

Parenthesis (Gr. parantithenai, insert)- a inserted word, sentence, explanatory or characterizing, a syntactical insertion.

Parcellation- a syntactical expressive stylistic device, graphic and syntactic separation due to which a syntactical construction becomes formally independent.

Parody- (Gr. para, incorrectness, dia, song) - an artistic satiric imitation genre, aimed at implicit evaluation, semantically a complex interaction of explicit and implicit textual structures.

Pasquinade (It. pasquillo) is a satiric publicist genre, often a spiteful or insulting work of literature, contrasted to poetry.

Periphrasis – a phrase or a sentence, substituting one word; logical, euphemistic and figurative periphrases.

Personification (Lat. persona) a stylistic device, nomination, when a name of an animate thing is given to an inanimate object for the sake of expressiveness, figurativeness, intensification, emotions: Love is not Time’s fool.