Voice Over Internet Protocol (voip)
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) is a method for making telephone calls over the Internet by sending voice data in separate packets, just as e-mail is sent. Each packet is assigned a code for its destination, and the packets are then reassembled in the correct order at the receiving end. Recent technological improvements have made VOIP almost as seamless and smooth as a regular telephone call.
In February 2004 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled that VOIP, like e-mail and instant messaging, is free of government regulation as long as it involves communication from one computer to another. The FCC did not rule on whether VOIP software that sends voice data from a computer directly to a regular telephone should be regulated. Such services became available in the early part of the 21st century and are expected to become widely available. They require a broadband connection to the Internet but can reduce telephone charges significantly while also offering for free additional services such as call waiting, caller identification, voice mail, and the ability to call from your home telephone number wherever you travel.
Translate into English
выполнить передачу сигнала
отправить информацию через Интернет
цифровой канал передачи информации
передавать сигнал на различных частотах
электрически заряженные слои атмосферы
система доставки сообщений
сократить стоимость телефонных переговоров
отсылать информацию в форме голосовых сообщений
разработанный для использования в военных целях
передавать печатный текст по телефонной линии
Translate into Russian
to broadcast radio signals over the air
to relay electronic signals
to provide a transmission link
to bounce off the ionosphere
short wave frequencies
analog mode
commercial broadcasts
broadband networks
to prevent unpaid access to the programming
widely available
Insert the necessary preposition.
|
11. fees are paid … return… access … the channel 12. standards … receiving video signals 13. ratio… image height … width 14. to provide information … anywhere … Earth 15. to orbit around the poles …an altitude …17.500 km 16. A GPS receiver picks …broadcasts…satellites 17. GPS services are available … civilians 18. to pinpoint location … …. a few meters 19. to connect directly … the digital network 20. to become free … government regulation |
Translate the following sentences into Russian and find Gerund in it:
Providing a cheaper and easier way of transmitting text and graphics over air – is the main task of modern fax machines.
Radio is capable of transmitting and receiving communications at various preset frequencies.
Amateur radio enthusiasts are fond of using a range of radio frequencies that are able to bounce off the ionosphere.
Teleconferencing, in which a television picture links two physically separated parties, is a convenient way for businesspeople to meet and communicate without the expense or inconvenience of travel.
Videophones, which use tiny video cameras and rely on satellite technology, can also send private or public television images and have been used in news reporting in remote locations.
Manufacturers now offer digital video and audio signal processing, which features even higher picture resolution and sound quality.
One type of navigational tool used in automobiles integrates a GPS receiver with an intelligent compact disc player capable of displaying road maps and other graphical information.
Upon receiving the GPS location data, the CD player can pinpoint the location visually on one of the road maps contained on disc.
Connecting directly to the digital portion of the telephone network using the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) requires special equipment at user locations.
In many locations companies and individuals with high-speed data requirements now have the option of securing DSL service from telephone companies and cable modem service from cable television companies.
Local e-mail messages (within a building or a company) typically reach addressees by traveling through wire-based internal networks.
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) is a method for making telephone calls over the Internet by sending voice data in separate packets, just as e-mail is sent.
Answer the questions on the text:
Make a list of modern means of connection between people. Can you add something?
Which means of connection are more often used by you and your colleagues? Why?
Choose one of the items and think of some additional advantages (or disadvantages) of this means of connection for people. Discuss these advantages (disadvantages) with the group (or in dialogs).
Reader
History.
Communicating over long distances has been a challenge throughout history. In ancient times, runners were used to carry important messages between rulers or other important people. Other forms of long-distance communication included smoke signals, chains of searchlights and flags to send a message from one tower to another, carrier pigeons, and horses. Modern telecommunications began in the 1800s with the discovery that electricity can be used to transmit a signal. For the first time, a signal could be sent faster than any other mode of transportation. The first practical telecommunications device to make use of this discovery was the telegraph.
The telegraph.
Beginning in the mid-1800s, the telegraph delivered the first intercity, transcontinental, and transoceanic messages in the world. The telegraph revolutionized the way people communicated by providing messages faster than any other means provided at the time. American art professor Samuel F. B. Morse pursued an interest in electromagnetism to create a practical electromagnetic telegraph in 1837. Morse partnered with Alfred Vail and was able to commercialize the technology with financial support from the U.S. government. In 1843 Morse built a demonstration telegraph link between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland. On May 24, 1844, the network was inaugurated for commercial use with the message, “What hath God wrought!”
Telegraph use quickly spread; the first transcontinental link was completed in 1861 between San Francisco, California, and Washington, D.C.Railroad companies and newspapers were the first major telegraphy users. Telegraph lines were constructed parallel to railroad beds. Telegraphy helped the railroads manage traffic and allowed news organizations to distribute stories quickly to local newspapers. Within a few years, several telegraph companies were in operation, each with its own network of telegraph wires. Consolidation occurred in the telegraph industry (as it has in numerous telecommunications industries), and by the 1870s the Western Union Telegraph Company emerged as the dominant operator.
The emergence of broadcasting.
Telephones and telegraphs are primarily private means of communications, sending signals from one point to another, but with the invention of the radio, public communications, or point-to-multipoint signals, could be sent through a central transmitter to be received by anyone possessing a receiver. Italian inventor and electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi transmitted a Morse-code telegraph signal by radio in 1895. This began a revolution in wireless telegraphy that would later result in broadcast radios that could transmit actual voice and music. Radio and wireless telegraph communication played an important role during World War I (1914-1918), allowing military personnel to communicate instantly with troops in remote locations. United States president Woodrow Wilson was impressed with the ability of radio, but he was fearful of its potential for espionage use. He banned nonmilitary radio use in the United States as the nation entered World War I in 1917, and this stifled commercial development of the medium. After the war, however, commercial radio stations began to broadcast. By the mid-1920s, millions of radio listeners tuned in to music, news, and entertainment programming.
Television got its start as a mass-communication medium shortly after World War II (1939-1945). The expense of television transmission prevented its use as a two-way medium, but radio broadcasters quickly saw the potential for television to provide a new way of bringing news and entertainment programming to people. For more information on the development of radio and television, see Radio and Television Broadcasting.
Current developments.
Personal computers have pushed the limits of the telephone system as more and more complex computer messages are being sent over telephone lines, and at rapidly increasing speeds. This need for speed has encouraged the development of digital transmission technology. The growing use of personal computers for telecommunications has increased the need for innovations in fiber-optic technology.
Telecommunications and information technologies are merging and converging. This means that many of the devices now associated with only one function may evolve into more versatile equipment. This convergence is already happening in various fields. Some telephones and pagers are able to store not only phone numbers but also names and personal information about callers. Wireless phones with keyboards and small screens can access the Internet and send and receive e-mail messages. Personal computers can now access information and video entertainment and are in effect becoming a combined television set and computer terminal. Television sets can access the Internet through add-on appliances. Future modifications and technology innovations may blur the distinctions between appliances even more.
Convergence of telecommunications technologies may also trigger a change in the kind of content available. Both television and personal computers are likely to incorporate new multimedia, interactive, and digital features. However, in the near term, before the actualization of a fully digital telecommunications world, devices such as modems will still be necessary to provide an essential link between the old analog world and the upcoming digital one.