22. The reflection of the nat.-cult. Pecularities in the lexical system of the eng.Lang.

The function of lang as a tool of culture is extremely important for many reasons. The use of lang. largely depends on the background of the user, which is why cultural studies are indispensable in foreign lang learning & teaching. Without the cultural background knowledge of the world where it’s naturally used the lang turns into dead lang. Cultural in the broad, anthropological meaning of the word may be defined as the way the people of a community see the world around them, their way of thinking, behaving, reacting to the world & to other people. Lange reflects sociocultural structures & relations, because it refers to objects through concepts. Lange is a part of culture & culture is part of lang. It’s impossible to use it as a means of communication without solid cultural background knowledge. Many lang-s have w-s without equivalents in many spheres: history, mentality. To understand them we need comments, explanations. Alumnus (Am. ) – former student of a particular school, fresher (Br) - the 1 year student. Here’re some of culturally marked, territorially determined w-s, refer- ring to the natural environment. The Yorkshire Dales – an area in countryside, valleys & villages in the North of England, the Y. Moors – торфянистая местность,поросшая вереском.Areas of high, open land with few trees in North Y. Moors. L. cheese - a type of mild white cheese that breaks easily into small pieces. Made in Lancashire. L. hotpot-dish, made in L., consisting of lamb & ingrid-s covered with slices of potato & baked in an oven. Y. pudding baked mixture of flour, milk & egg served with beef as a part of a Sunday paper. High tea-early evening meal in Britain. Eisteddfod-welsh festival of music, literature & performance. Stately houses-big residences of Eng. great people & their families.

23. Cultural bumps: overcoming misunderstandings in cross-cultural commun-n.

The function of language as a tool of culture has been ignored for a long period of time. However this aspect of lang. is extremely important for many reasons. Lang. reflects the world of its users. The vision of the world of a nation is covered by its lang., the latter reflecting not only geography, climate, mode of living, but also the moral code, relations between people, the system of values, determined by socio-historical factors. Thus, culture in the broad, anthropological sense of the word is reflected by lang. Lang. shapes its user, imposing on him the vision of the world & the culture of human relations reflected & stored in it. Lang. is the main, the most explicit, the most obvious, official & socially acknowledged means of communication. The life & development of any human society is based on communication through language. Recognition & production skills can’t be developed without the background knowledge of the world of the lang. under study, its speech production, the actual use of language which makes the importance & inevitability of the socio-cultural component so evident. The real worlds may coincide in some physical features but the visions of the world by different peoples representing different speech communities do not coincide. Thus, w-s of different lang-s which seem to refer to the same object or idea can hardly ever be actual “equivalents” in the full sense of this word. Lawyer (US)-attorney. Counselor-represents someone during the trial. Lawyer(Br)-solicitor & barrister. Rus- утро(morning) 4-10 a.m & ,Br. morning- 00-12 a.m.