23) Today, machine translation is often called computer-aided translation(cat)

. CAT systems are divided into two groups:

Machine-aided humantranslation

(MAHT) and

Human-aided machine translation

(HAMT). Thedifference between the two lies in the roles of computer and human translator.In MAHT, a translator makes the translation, then uses the computer as atool for typing, checking spelling, grammar, style; for printing the target text, for looking up words in electronic dictionaries and data bases, for getting referenceson CD-ROMs and other sources, for consulting about contexts, for discussing problems in the web, for seaching a job, etc.In HAMT, the translation is automated, done by a computer but requiringthe assistance of a human editor. There are two phases of human help: pre-editingand post-editing. In pre-editing, an operator (or a customer) prepares the text for input. A special computer translation program transfers the text from one languageto another. Then a translator does the post-editing, mostly by correcting the wordusage.Machine translation has a number of advantages and disadvantages. Theadvantage is, first and foremost, its fast speed, which saves time, so importantthese days. The computer is tireless; it can work day and night. Now that there arelap-tops, a computer is a very flexible and convenient tool: it can accompany atranslator 

 

anywhere. Computers are also of great help to disabled people,especially computers working with a human voice.On the other hand, computers are restricted to the materials. They cantranslate only clichéd texts. They cannot translate unpredictable texts, like fiction,for example. Usually they provide ‘raw translation’. Another disadvantage is thatthey are still rather expensive. They require constant upgrading, which is usually 

not cheap. Computer viruses are a serious danger to work. And computers are notabsolutely safe for human health, either.

19) As is seen from the name of the professional association, interpreters areoften called conference interpreters, though their functions can be much broader.Conference interpreting is known to have started after World War I, at theConference on the Preliminaries of Peace in 1919. Until then all internationalmeetings had been held in French, the language of 19th

century diplomacy.The first conference interpreters did

Consecutive interpreting

, i.e. theydelivered their translation after listening to the speaker so that there was some time between the source language text and the translation. The interpreters worked inteams of two, each into his mother tongue. At the League of Nations, interpreterswent to the rostrum to deliver their translation as soon as the speaker had finished.Occasionally speeches lasted well over an hour, so the interpreters, considering it bad taste to interrupt a speaker, developed a technique of consecutive interpretingwith note-taking.Two Geneva conference interpreters, J.-F. Rozan and J. Herbert, after havingreviewed their own as well as their colleagues’ writing pads, came to theconclusion that although each interpreter had his or her own manner of writing,there was something common to all the notes reviewed. This brought to life 

recommendations to would-be interpreters on how to take notes in order tomemorize the message and not to interrupt the speaker.

15.) Phases of translation. кроме того,что есть в тетради,мне нечсего добавить. Все остальные мои вопросы есть в лециях.