Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг
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Bgh]h g_ ^Zgh Km^v[u i_j_kljhcdb <]ey^u\Zykv \ ijhreh_ <ha\jZs_gb_ [m^ms_fm F 1988. K 343–352.
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dgb`gR]R iSRba\R^Fl\D iR FSD\gHgbx F iSH^u^\sbf ]R^Rf \ui\Fd dgb] \fHgvrbeFy gD feg wdaHfieySR\ % dDlDFlSRnbqHFdRf iReR`Hgbb gD[R^blFy dgb]Rba^DgbH \ [RevrbgFl\H FRxagu[ RFR[HggR D\lRgRfgu[ SHFi\[ebd 2clSHcrbc ^Hnbpbl gD fgR]bH \b^u eblHSDl\Su iRSR^be
lDdRH iRaRSgRH y\eHgbH dDd “qHSguc SugRd” gD dRlRSRf ^HnbpblguH dgb]b iSR^DxlFy iR pHgDf \ – SDa iSH\urDxsbf b[ aDdRgg\x FlRbfRFlv %FH [ReHH Ddlb\gR aDy\eyHl R FH[H b ^S\]Rc ^Hnbpbl – ^Hnb- pbl ^\[R\gRFlb \ui\FdDHfRc eblHSDl\Su
=eD\gDy iSbqbgD dSbabFgR]R iReR`Hgby \ dgb]Rba^Dgbb – RFlSHcrbc ^Hnbpbl [\fD]b RlFlDeRFlv iReb]SDnbqHFdRc iSRfureHggRFlb IRlSH[- gRFlb \ [\fD]H \^R\eHl\RSyxlFy iSbfHSgR gD iSRpHglR\ 2lHqHFl\Hg- gRH fDrbgRFlSRHgbH \RR[sH gH iSRba\R^bl iSbfHSgR \b^R\ iReb]SD- nbqHFdb[ fDrbg b R[RS\^R\Dgby – bfHggR lH[ dRlRSuH R[HFiHqb\Dxl lH[gbqHFdbc \SR\Hgv FR\SHfHggR]R iReb]SDnbqHFdR]R iSRba\R^Fl\D
M SD[RlgbdR\ d\evl\Su b bFd\FFl\D FH]R^gy FDfuH gbadbH FSH^gbH aDSD[Rldb iR FSD\gHgbx F aDgylufb \ ^S\]b[ RlSDFey[ gDSR^gR]R [Rayc-
Fl\D – RieDlD b[ lS\^D \ ^\D SDaD gb`H qHf \ FSH^gHf iR FlSDgH %FH wlR
iD]\[gR FdDaDeRFv gD gDrHc d\evl\SgRc `bagb ;ReHH iReR\bgu `blHeHc
&&&3 SH^dR iRFHsDxl beb \R\FH gH [u\Dxl gD dRgpHSlD[ [ReHH ^\\[ lSH- lHc – \ lHDlSD[ qHluSH[ iylu[ – \ [\^R`HFl\Hggu[ f\aHy[ &iSRF gD fgR-
]bH \b^u eblHSDl\Su \^R\eHl\RSyHlFy gD –60 D gD ^HlFd\x – \FH]R gD 30–40 B HFeb \ FDfRH [eb`DcrHH \SHfy gH [\^\l iSbgylu SD^bdDevguH fHSu iSRpHFF d\evl\SgRc ^H]SD^Dpbb fR`Hl FlDlv gHR[SDlbfuf
0H`^\ lHf [Ha SHadR]R iR^tHfD d\evl\SgR]R \SR\gy gDSR^D [Ha
FRa^Dgby \FeR\bc ^ey SDa\blby d\evl\Su \FH[ gDSR^R\ gDrHc FlSDgu gDf gH \uclb ba dSbabFD gH gDclb i\lHc wnnHdlb\gR]R FRpbDevgR-iReblbqH-
FdR]R b wdRgRfbqHFdR]R SDa\blby !
IjZ\^Z bxey
355
8. <Ze_glbg JZkimlbg4 A_fey wdheh]by i_j_kljhcdZ
ba \uklmie_gby gZ ie_gmf_ IjZ\e_gby KI KKKJ
=h\hjblv k_]h^gy h[ wdheh]bb – wlh agZqbl ]h\hjblv g_ h[ baf_g_gbb
`bagb dZd ij_`^_ Z h __ kiZk_gbb G_ klZgm ih\lhjylv ba\_klgu_ bklb gu h ijb[eb`Zxs_cky dZlZkljhn_: fu bo g_ lhevdh agZ_f Z kZfb qm\kl
\m_f bo dh`_c dZd ijb ijb[eb`_gbb d h]gx =h\hjblv k_]h^gy h[ wdheh ]bb b \ ^_kylv jZa e_]q_« b \ ^\Z^pZlv jZa ljm^g__ q_f ^_kylv e_l gZaZ^ E_]q_ k_]h^gy ]h\hjblv h[ wdheh]bb ihlhfm qlh g_ gZ^h gbdh]h m[_`^Zlv
\ ijbkmlkl\bb lZd kdZaZlv ijh[e_fu HgZ \hib_l gZ dZ`^hf rZ]m kem qZyfb fZkkh\uo hljZ\e_gbc ijbf_jZfb klZjq_kl\Z \ gZrbo ^_lyo ijh _dlgufb hrb[dZfb h[j_dZxsbfb ex^_c gZ ly`_eu_ aZ[he_\Zgby ba]h gyxsb_ bo ba jh^guo f_kl g_ij_djZsZxsbfky h[_^g_gb_f nehju b nZmgu mkbeb\Zxsbfky aZjZ`_gb_f \ha^moZ ihq\ b \h^ aZjZ`Zxsbo y^Zfb \ k\hx hq_j_^v b gZk b l ^
Gh k_]h^gy b ljm^g__ ]h\hjblv h[ wdheh]bb ihlhfm qlh ijhbkoh^bl ihkl_i_ggh_ ijb\udZgb_ d hiZkghklb b^_l __ h[`b\Zgb_ GZjZklZxsb_ ]h^ hl ]h^Z pbnju dhlhju_ k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h ihjZ`_gbb kj_^u h[blZ gby i_j_klZxl ijhba\h^blv gZ gZk \i_qZle_gb_
«KgZqZeZ ^he]h ^_eZeb \b^ qlh gbq_]h kljZrgh]h g_ ijhbkoh^bl k_cqZk g_mdex`_ b g_ih^]hlh\e_ggh \habfky qlh `_ ^_eZlv _keb ^_eZ _f gh g_ ^_eZ_lky Z aZ\ljZ ihoh`_ h[ty\bf “Iha^gh kiZkZcky dlh
fh`_l”.
Ebqgh_ fg_gb_« K –151.
9. : N Ehk_\5 JZ[hlZ ^moZ
ba\e_q_gby
H; BGL?EEB=?GLGHKLB
Qlh g_ _klv bgl_eeb]_glghklv Bgl_eeb]_glghklv g_ _klv gb [hev- rh_ gZdhie_gb_ agZgbc gb \eZ^_gb_ dZdhc-gb[m^v ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ki_pbZebaZpb_c gb mqZklb_ \ h[s_dmevlmjghf ijh]j_kk_ gb ijhklh fh- jZevgh_ ih\_^_gb_ beb om^h`_kl\_ggZy kihkh[ghklv gb ijhklh dZdh_- gb[m^v h[s_kl\_ggh-bklhjbq_kdh_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ gb lZ beb bgZy lhev- dh h[s_kl\_ggZy ijbgZ^e_`ghklv gb ijhklh g_dhlhjZy h[s_kl\_ggh-ih-
eblbq_kdZy ijhkehcdZ <k_ wlb dZq_kl\Z b hkh[_gghklb eb[h y\eyxlky \ujZ`_gb_f bgl_eeb]_glghklb gh g_ kZfhc bgl_eeb]_glghklvx eb[h g_cljZevgu d bgl_eeb]_glghklb eb[h ^Z`_ \jZ`^_[gu d g_c
356
Bgl_eeb]_glghklv b ebqghklv < i_j\mx hq_j_^v bgl_eeb]_gl ghklv _klv lZ beb bgZy `bagv ebqghklb beb \hh[s_ ]h\hjy nmgdpby ebqghklb Gh qlh lZdh_ ebqghklv" Ebqghklv _klv bg^b\b^mZevguc k]m klhd ma_e k\yav kljmdlmjZ kbkl_fZ lh`^_kl\h f_lh^ beb dZdZy-gb[m^v
_^bgbqgZy aZdhghf_jghklv ijbjh^guo h[s_kl\_gguo b bklhjbq_kdbo hlghr_gbc Gh bgl_eeb]_glghklv – g_ lhevdh wlh ihlhfm qlh b \kydbc
q_eh\_d ^Z`_ kh\k_f g_bgl_eeb]_glguc \k_]^Z lh`_ _klv dZdZy-gb[m^v ebqghklv ohly b gbqlh`gZy
Bgl_eeb]_glghklv b b^_heh]by Ykgh qlh bgl_eeb]_glghklv _klv nmgdpby ebqghklb \hagbdZxsZy lhevdh \ k\yab k lhc beb bghc b^_heh ]b_c LZdhc l_jfbg j_^dh mihlj_[ey_lky \ oZjZdl_jbklbdZo lh]h qlh lZ dh_ bgl_eeb]_glghklv H[uqgh wlh aZf_gy_lky mihlj_[e_gb_f l_o beb bguo qZklguo b [he__ beb f_g__ kemqZcguo ijbagZdh\ =h\hjyl gZijb f_j qlh bgl_eeb]_glguc q_eh\_d – wlh mfguc gZqblZgguc ^h[juc
\gbfZl_evguc d ^jm]bf ex^yf \_`eb\uc mkem`eb\uc fukeysbc kbf iZlbqguc `b\msbc k\h_c hkh[hc \gmlj_gg_c `bagvx ihfh]Zxsbc ex ^yf b \ bo [_^Zo gZ^_`guc [_kdhjuklguc ^moh\gh [eZ]hjh^guc rb jhdbc \ k\hbo \a]ey^Zo g_w]hbkl b l ^ b l ^ LZdb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb qZk lh [u\Zxl ijZ\bevgufb b ^Z`_ kms_kl\_ggufb qZklh `_ – g_h[yaZl_ev
gufb b kemqZcgufb Gh kZfh_ \Z`gh_ lh qlh \kydZy lZdZy oZjZdl_jbklb dZ \k_]^Z [u\Z_l kebrdhf q_klghc b ebr_gZ g_h[oh^bfhc a^_kv h[h[ s_gghklb Gh g_h[oh^bfZy a^_kv h[h[s_gghklv y\gh hlghkblky m`_ d kn_j_ b^_heh]bb B hiylv-lZdb g_ d b^_heh]bb \hh[s_ LZdZy h[sZy
b^_heh]by lh`_ k\hckl\_ggZ \k_f b ^Z`_ g_bgl_eeb]_glguf B \hh[s_ g_ kms_kl\m_l q_eh\_dZ [_a b^_heh]bb KZfuc gbqlh`guc kZfuc gbadbc b madbc kZfuc ^Ze_dbc hl ihke_^h\Zl_evgh]h fure_gby q_eh\_d g_ bf_ _l dhg_qgh dZdhc-gb[m^v khagZl_evghc b^_heh]bb gh wlm b^_heh]bx fu
fh`_f aZ g_]h b \f_klh g_]h nhjfmebjh\Zlv kZfuf lhqguf h[jZahf b \k_klhjhgg_ DZdh\Z `_ \ lZdhf kemqZ_ b^_heh]by bgl_eeb]_glghklb"
>_eZy ij_^_evgh h[sbc \u\h^ b ih^\h^y blh] \k_f qZklghklyf g_h[ oh^bfh kdZaZlv qlh bgl_eeb]_gl_g lhl dlh kh[ex^Z_l bgl_j_ku h[s_q_ eh\_q_kdh]h [eZ]h^_gkl\by Bgl_eeb]_gl `b\_l b jZ[hlZ_l \ gZklhys__ \j_fy lZd dZd b \ [m^ms_f klZg_l `blv b jZ[hlZlv q_eh\_d \ mkeh\byo
h[s_q_eh\_q_kdh]h [eZ]h^_gkl\by B ijb wlhf \h\k_ g_ h[yaZl_evgh qlh[u bgl_eeb]_gl khagZ\Ze wlh \ ih^jh[ghklyo b qlh[u \hh[s_ wlh kha gZ\Ze < wlhf kfuke_ bgl_eeb]_glghklv ihqlb \k_]^Z [_kkhagZl_evgZ GZh[hjhl q_j_kqmj [hevrZy khagZl_evghklv \ wlhf ^_e_ fh`_l lhevdh ihf_rZlv bgl_eeb]_glghklb dZd `b\hfm ijhp_kkm `bagb < lZdhc bgl_e eb]_glghklb _klv k\hy ]em[bgZ gh kh\_jr_ggh g_h[yaZl_evgh qlh[u bg l_eeb]_gl wlh ihgbfZe B \ lZdhc bgl_eeb]_glghklb _klv k\hy djZkhlZ gh ieho lhl bgl_eeb]_gl dhlhjuc ihgbfZ_l wlh kebrdhf lhqgh b _s_ om`_
357
lhl dlh wlh k\h_ ihgbfZgb_ \ujZ`Z_l ^ey ^jm]bo gZihdZa Emqr_ [m^_l kdZaZlv qlh bgl_eeb]_gl g_ fukebl k\hx bgl_eeb]_glghklv gh ^urbl _x dZd \ha^mohf <_^v ^urZlv \ha^mohf g_ agZqbl `_ ihgbfZlv \ha^mo lhevdh obfbq_kdb Z ^uoZgb_ – lhevdh nbabheh]bq_kdb B^_heh]by bg
l_eeb]_glghklb \hagbdZ_l kZfZ kh[hc b g_ba\_klgh hldm^Z b ^_ckl\m_l hgZ kZfZ g_ ihgbfZy k\hbo ^_ckl\bc b ij_ke_^m_l hgZ p_eb h[s_q_eh \_q_kdh]h [eZ]h^_gkl\by g_ bf_y h[ wlhf gbdZdh]h ihgylby Ih^ebggZy b^_heh]by ih^ebgghc bgl_eeb]_glghklb gZb\gZ
4. Bgl_eeb]_glghklv b i_j_^_eu\Zgb_ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb Dmev
lmjgmx agZqbfhklv bgl_eeb]_glghklb \k_]^Z kms_kl\mxs_c kj_^b h[ s_kl\_ggh-ebqguo b ijbjh^guo g_kh\_jr_gkl\ \ gZb[he__ h[s_c nhj
f_ fh`gh h[hagZqblv dZd ihklhyggh_ b g_mdehggh_ klj_fe_gb_ g_ kha_j pZlv gh i_j_^_eu\Zlv ^_ckl\bl_evghklv Bgl_eeb]_glghklv \hagb dZxsZy gZ hkgh\_ qm\kl\Z h[s_q_eh\_q_kdh]h [eZ]h^_gkl\by g_ fh`_l g_ \b^_lv \k_o g_kh\_jr_gkl\ `bagb b gb \ dh_f kemqZ_ g_ fh`_l hklZ \Zlvky d gbf jZ\gh^mrghc >ey wlh]h bgl_eeb]_glm g_ gm`gh ^Z`_ fgh]h jZafureylv Bgl_eeb]_glghklv _klv \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v bgklbgdlb\gh_ qm\kl\h `bag_gguo g_kh\_jr_gkl\ b bgklbgdlb\gh_ d gbf hl\jZs_gb_ Fh`gh eb ihke_ wlh]h ^himklblv qlh bgl_eeb]_gl jZ\gh^mr_g d g_kh \_jr_gkl\Zf `bagb" G_l a^_kv g_ fh`_l [ulv gbdZdh]h jZ\gh^mrby M bgl_eeb]_glZ jmdZ kZfZ kh[hx lyg_lky d lhfm qlh[u \uj\Zlv khjgmx ljZ\m \ ij_djZkghf kZ^m q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb DmevlmjZ bgl_eeb]_gpbb ih\lhjy_f bkdexqZ_l jZ\gh^mrgh_ kha_jpZgb_ `bag_gguo g_kh\_j-
r_gkl\ gh _klv dZd lh]h lj_[m_l kZfh agZq_gb_ l_jfbgZ “dmevlmjZ” i_ j_^_eu\Zgb_ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb \ p_eyo ^hklb`_gby b \hiehs_gby aZ\_l
ghc b lZcghc f_qlu dZ`^h]h bgl_eeb]_glZ jZ[hlZlv jZ^b ^hklb`_gby h[s_q_eh\_q_kdh]h [eZ]h^_gkl\by
5. Bgl_eeb]_glghklv b dmevlmjZ EZlbgkdh_ keh\h “dmevlmjZ” h[h agZqZ_l “h[jZ[hldZ”, “jZajZ[hldZ”, “i_j_jZ[hldZ”, “\ha^_eu\Zgb_” Wlh
agZqbl qlh dmevlmjZ gbdh]^Z g_ fh`_l [ulv lhevdh gZb\ghc HgZ _klv kha gZl_evgZy jZ[hlZ ^moZ gZ^ k\hbf kh[kl\_gguf kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_f b gZ^ mihjy^hq_gb_f \k_]h lh]h qlh hdjm`Z_l q_eh\_dZ < wlhf kfuke_ bgl_eeb ]_glghklv m`_ i_j_klZ_l [ulv ijhklh gZb\ghc Bgl_eeb]_glghklv gZb\gZ lhevdh \ k\h_c hkgh\_ gh \ k\hbo j_Zevgh-`bag_gguo nmgdpbyo hgZ \k_]^Z
khagZl_evgZ ij_^ijbbfqb\Z ij_^mkfhljbl_evgZ b ]^_ gZ^h – hklhjh`gZ b ]^_ gZ^h – j_rbl_evgZ Q_eh\_q_kdZy ebqghklv hdjm`_gZ oZhkhf ijbjh^ guo h[s_kl\_gguo b bklhjbq_kdbo mkeh\bc Wlhl oZhk qZklh [u\Z_l [eZ-
]hijbyl_g ^ey ebqghklb gh qZs_ [u\Z_l \jZ`^_[_g d g_c Ihwlhfm bgl_e eb]_glghklv kms_kl\m_l lhevdh lZf ]^_ _klv \hhjm`_gghklv ijhlb\ \kydh ]h jh^Z ijbjh^guo h[s_kl\_gguo b bklhjbq_kdbo g_kh\_jr_gkl\ Gh ^ey wlh]h g_h[oh^bfZ ^ebl_evgZy ih^]hlh\dZ Z ^ey wlhc ihke_^g_c – b^_heh
358
]bq_kdb hagZf_gh\Zgguc ljm^ ;ulv bgl_eeb]_glguf – agZqbl ihklhyggh b
g_mklZggh ljm^blvky B ijblhf bgl_eeb]_glghklv g_ _klv ijhklh \hhjm `_gghklv gh b ]hlh\ghklv \klmiblv \ [hc : qlh[u \klmiZlv \ [hc gZ^h hjb_glb_glbjh\Zlvky \ h[s_kl\_ggh-bklhjbq_kdhc h[klZgh\d_ Gh lZd dZd
ih^h[gZy hjb_glZpby lj_[m_l m`_ djblbq_kdh]h ih^oh^Z d ^_ckl\bl_evgh klb lh bgl_eeb]_glghklv k\hckl\_ggZ lhevdh lhfm q_eh\_dm dhlhjuc y\ey _lky djblbq_kdb fukeysbf h[s_kl\_ggbdhf Bgl_eeb]_gl dhlhjuc g_ y\ey_lky djblbq_kdb fukeysbf h[s_kl\_ggbdhf ]emi g_ mf__l ijhy\blv
k\hx bgl_eeb]_glghklv lh _klv i_j_klZ_l [ulv bgl_eeb]_glhf Ijb wlhf \klmiZlv \ [hc ^ey bgl_eeb]_glZ qZklh ^Z`_ b g_p_e_khh[jZagh ?s_ gZ^h agZlv dh]^Z \klmiZlv \ [hc Z dh]^Z g_ \klmiZlv <k_ wlb \hijhku bgl_eeb ]_gl j_rZ_l gZ hkgh\_ k\h_c h[s_b^_heh]bq_kdhc gZijZ\e_gghklb b gZ hk gh\_ djblbq_kdh]h ihgbfZgby h[s_kl\_ggh-bklhjbq_kdhc h[klZgh\db Wlh b
_klv dmevlmjgh_ ^_eh bgl_eeb]_glghklb LZdhc dmevlmjguc ljm^ g_ _klv i_ qZevgZy g_h[oh^bfhklv gh \k_]^Zrgyy jZ^hklv \k_]^Zrgyy ^moh\gZy e_] dhklv b \k_]^Zrgbc ijZa^gbd >ey bgl_eeb]_glgh]h q_eh\_dZ ljm^ _klv ijZa^gbd fheh^hklb b jZ^hklgh]h kem`_gby h[s_q_eh\_q_kdhfm kqZklvx
Bgl_eeb]_glghklv b h[s_kl\_ggh-ebqguc bklhjbq_kdbc ih^
\b] < bklhjbb \_kvfZ j_^db b g_ijh^he`bl_evgu lZdb_ i_jbh^u dh]^Z fh`gh [ulv bgl_eeb]_glhf b \ lh `_ \j_fy [ulv m\_j_gguf \ k\h_c ihe ghc [_ahiZkghklb QZs_ b ijh^he`bl_evg__ l_ i_jbh^u dh]^Z bgl_eeb ]_glghklv aZklZ\ey_l ex^_c aZ[hlblvky h k_[_ b h k\h_c dmevlmj_ dh]^Z hgZ \ugm`^_gZ h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb aZ[hlblvky h k\h_f \hhjm`_gbb b h k\h_c aZsbl_ H^gZdh _s_ qZs_ _s_ ijh^he`bl_evg__ lZdb_ i_jbh^u dh]^Z gZklmiZ_l g_h[oh^bfhklv [hy Fh`gh kdZaZlv ^Z`_ j_rbl_evg__:
Z[khexlgh fbjguo i_jbh^h\ \ bklhjbb \hh[s_ g_ kms_kl\m_l >Z b g_ lhevdh \ bklhjbb dZd \ h[s_c dZjlbg_ q_eh\_q_kdh]h jZa\blby KZfuc h[udgh\_gguc [ul kZfZy fbjgZy k \b^m h[u\Zl_evkdZy `bagv \k_]^Z ihegZ aZ[hl b lj_\h] \k_]^Z ihegZ hiZkghkl_c b ihl_jv \k_]^Z [mjebl g_ba\_klgh dZdbfb \hafh`ghklyfb Ihwlhfm ih^ebggZy bgl_eeb]_gpby \hhjm`_gZ g_ lhevdh jZ^b hldjuluo [h_\ gh b jZ^b g_h[oh^bfhklb [h jhlvky kh \kydh]h jh^Z kdjulufb g_kh\_jr_gkl\Zfb `bagb Gh wlh agZ qbl qlh ih^ebggZy bgl_eeb]_glghklv \k_]^Z _klv ih^\b], \k_]^Z _klv
]hlh\ghklv aZ[u\Zlv gZkmsgu_ ihlj_[ghklb w]hbklbq_kdh]h kms_kl\h\Z gby g_ h[yaZl_evgh [hc gh _`_fbgmlgZy ]hlh\ghklv d [hx b \hhjm`_g ghklv ^ey g_]h B g_l ^jm]h]h keh\Z dhlhjh_ fh]eh [u [he__ yjdh \ujZ ablv lZdmx kmsghklv bgl_eeb]_glghklb q_f keh\h “ih^\b]” Bgl_eeb
]_glghklv – wlh _`_^g_\gh_ b _`_qZkgh_ g_k_gb_ ih^\b]Z ohly qZklh lhevdh ihl_gpbZevgh_«
Ebqgh_ fg_gb_« K –222.
359