Бригадина О.В. История культуры России новейшего времени 1917-2000 гг

10. EboZq_\ > K 6 “Dmevlmjgh_ h^bqZgb_ ]jhabl kljZg_ ba [eb`Zcr_]h [m^ms_]h«”

ba\e_q_gby

I_j\u_ ^_kylbe_lby Kh\_lkdhc \eZklb [ueb wihohc \hcgu k dmevlm jhc k bgl_eeb]_gpb_c kh k\h[h^hc l\hjq_kl\Z fukeb k dmevlmjhc h[ s_gby KljZgZ gZ^he]h hdZaZeZkv \ ie_gm m ^h]fZlbq_kdh]h l_jjhjZ < dmevlmj_ `_ g_ fh`_l [ulv hklZgh\hd HklZgh\dZ – wlh miZ^hd : hg \k_

gZjZklZ_l gba\h^y gZrm kljZgm ^h jZajy^Z lj_lv_kl_i_gguo pb\bebaZ pbc ?keb g_ ij_^ijbgylv j_rbl_evguo ^_ckl\bc dmevlmjZ klZg_l ebrv \hkihfbgZgb_f h ijhrehf ^Z b lh \ f_jm _]h ^hklmighklb [m^ms_fm <_^v qlh[u ihgylv dmevlmjm fbgm\rbo \_dh\ gZ^h kZfbf bf_lv hij_^_ e_gguc __ mjh\_gv \ gZklhys_f Dmevlmjgh_ h^bqZgb_ – \hl qlh ]jhabl

kljZg_ h[eZ^Zxs_c h^ghc ba kZfuo \_ebdbo dmevlmj fbjZ«

<hajh`^Zy dmevlmjm g_h[oh^bfh ij_`^_ \k_]h \_jgmlv dmevlmjgmx `bagv \ gZrb g_[hevrb_ ]hjh^Z k^_eZlv bo ijb\e_dZl_evgufb ^ey ex^_c«

<hh[s_ dZd \Z`gh \_jgmlvky d “kljmdlmj_ g_[hevrh]h” Ba-aZ m\e_ q_gby “kZfufb [hevrbfb”, “kZfufb fhsgufb”, “kZfufb ijhba\h^b l_evgufb” fu klZeb djZcg_ g_ih\hjhleb\ufb Fu ^mfZeb qlh kha^Z_f

kZfh_ \u]h^gh_ b kZfh_ i_j_^h\h_ Z gZ kZfhf ^_e_ iulZebkv \ kh\j_ f_gghf fbj_ kha^Zlv l_ogbq_kdb_ b dmevlmjgu_ fhgklju ^bghaZ\ju –

lZdb_ `_ g_mdex`b_ lZdb_ `_ g_`b\mqb_«

Kj_^gyy rdheZ ^he`gZ \hkiblu\Zlv q_eh\_dZ kihkh[gh]h hk\Zb\Zlv gh\mx ijhn_kkbx [ulv ^hklZlhqgh kihkh[guf d jZaebqguf ijhn_kkbyf b [ulv ij_`^_ \k_]h gjZ\kl\_gguf B[h gjZ\kl\_ggZy hkgh\Z – wlh ]eZ\

gh_ qlh hij_^_ey_l `bag_kihkh[ghklv h[s_kl\Z wdhghfbq_kdmx ]hkm ^Zjkl\_ggmx l\hjq_kdmx ;_a gjZ\kl\_gghc hkgh\u g_ ^_ckl\mxl aZdh gu wdhghfbdb b ]hkm^Zjkl\Z g_ \uihegyxlky mdZau g_\hafh`gh ij_ djZlblv dhjjmipbx \aylhqgbq_kl\h ex[h_ `mevgbq_kl\h ;_a gjZ\kl \_gghklb g_\hafh`gh b jZa\blb_ ex[hc gZmdb b[h djZcg_ ljm^gh ijh\_ jblv wdki_jbf_glu \uqbke_gby kkuedb gZ bklhqgbdb b ij <hkiblu\Z xl `_ ex^_c \ijyfmx – j_eb]by D [he__ keh`guf iml_f – fmaudZ hkh

[_ggh y [u kdZaZe ohjh\h_ i_gb_ ebl_jZlmjZ bkdmkkl\h bamq_gb_ eh ]bdb ikboheh]bb bamq_gb_ yaudh\ ^Z`_ _keb bo \ [m^ms_f g_ ijb^_lky ijbf_gylv \ `bagb«

L_ogbdZ wdhghfbdZ pb\bebaZpby \ ki_pbZevghf agZq_gbb wlh]h keh \Z – wlh \k_ kj_^kl\h DmevlmjZ `_ kZfZ ih k_[_ – p_ev jZa\blby hl^_ev

gh]h q_eh\_dZ gZpbb kljZgu b q_eh\_q_kl\Z <hl ihq_fm jZa\blb_ dmev lmju g_ ^he`gh aZljm^gylvky gZeh]Zfb ex[ufb nhjfZfb h[eh`_gby < ihevam q_]h" < ihevam wdhghfbq_kdh]h ijh]j_kkZ" Gh kZfZ wdhghfbdZ kem`bl dmevlmj_

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?^bgkl\_gguf “b^_heh]bq_kdbf” lj_[h\Zgb_f d dmevlmj_ ^he`gZ [ulv k\h[h^Z B[h g_evay kdZaZlv – dZdb_ fbjh\haaj_gq_kdb_ dhgp_ipbb

y\ylky \ [m^ms_f AZdexq_gb_ dmevlmju \ jZfdb b^_heh]bq_kdbo lj_[h \Zgbc g_ba[_`gh [m^_l ^_j`Zlv dmevlmjm \ jZfdZo aZklhy F_`^m l_f q_f fgh]hh[jZag__ [m^ml gZrb l_ZljZevgu_ fmaudZevgu_ `b\hibkgu_ ebl_jZlmjgu_ dhgp_ipbb l_f Zdlb\g__ [m^_l kh\_jrZlvky ^\b`_gb_ dmevlmju l_f [he__ \ukhdbf lj_[h\Zgbyf hgZ [m^_l hl\_qZlv Khi_jgb q_kl\h \ dmevlmj_ g_h[oh^bfh Gb h^bg ba l\hjq_kdbo khxah\ – ibkZ

l_evkdbo, l_ZljZevguo dbg_fZlh]jZnbq_kdbo `b\hibkguo – g_ fh`_l

ij_l_g^h\Zlv gZ fhghihebx l\hjq_kdbo ijbgpbih\ gZ fhghihebx hp_ ghd B \ wlhf hlghr_gbb ihe_agh [ueh [u h]jZgbqblv \eZklv ihq_lguo a\Zgbc b gZ]jZ^«

Ba\_klby fZy

11. Ba aZdhgZ KKKJ h k\h[h^_ kh\_klb b j_eb]bhaguo hj]ZgbaZpbyo

Hdly[jv ]

=eZ\Z , H;SB? IHEH@?GBY

KlZlvy AZ^Zqb AZdhgZ

GZklhysbc AZdhg ]ZjZglbjm_l ijZ\Z ]jZ`^Zg gZ hij_^_e_gb_ b \ujZ `_gb_ k\h_]h hlghr_gby d j_eb]bb gZ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ wlhfm m[_`^_ gby gZ [_kij_iylkl\_ggh_ bkih\_^Zgb_ j_eb]bb b bkiheg_gb_ j_eb]bha guo h[jy^h\ Z lZd`_ khpbZevgmx kijZ\_^eb\hklv b jZ\_gkl\h aZsblm ijZ\ b bgl_j_kh\ ]jZ`^Zg g_aZ\bkbfh hl hlghr_gby d j_eb]bb b j_]meb jm_l hlghr_gby k\yaZggu_ k ^_yl_evghklvx j_eb]bhaguo hj]ZgbaZpbc

KlZlvy 2. AZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h h k\h[h^_ kh\_klb b j_eb]bhaguo hj ]ZgbaZpbyo

AZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h h k\h[h^_ kh\_klb b j_eb]bhaguo hj]ZgbaZpbyo kh klhbl ba gZklhys_]h AZdhgZ mklZgZ\eb\Zxs_]h \ khhl\_lkl\bb k Dhgklb lmpb_c KKKJ hkgh\gu_ ]ZjZglbb k\h[h^u kh\_klb b ba^Z\Z_fuo \ khhl \_lkl\bb k gbf aZdhgh\ KhxaZ KKJ khxaguo b Z\lhghfguo j_kim[ebd

KlZlvy IjZ\h gZ k\h[h^m kh\_klb

< khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\hf gZ k\h[h^m kh\_klb dZ`^uc ]jZ`^Zgbg kZfh klhyl_evgh hij_^_ey_l k\h_ hlghr_gb_ d j_eb]bb \ijZ\_ _^bghebqgh beb kh\f_klgh k ^jm]bfb bkih\_^h\Zlv ex[mx j_eb]bx beb g_ bkih\_^h

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\Zlv gbdZdhc \ujZ`Zlv b jZkijhkljZgylv m[_`^_gby k\yaZggu_ k hlgh r_gb_f d j_eb]bb

Jh^bl_eb beb ebpZ bo aZf_gyxsb_ ih \aZbfghfm kh]eZkbx \ijZ\_ \hkiblu\Zlv k\hbo ^_l_c \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh k\hbf kh[kl\_gguf hlghr_ gb_f d j_eb]bb

G_ ^himkdZ_lky dZdh_-eb[h ijbgm`^_gb_ ijb hij_^_e_gbb ]jZ`^Zgb

ghf k\h_]h hlghr_gby d j_eb]bb d bkih\_^Zgbx beb d hldZam hl bkih\_ ^Zgby j_eb]bb d mqZklbx beb g_mqZklbx \ [h]hkem`_gbyo j_eb]bhaguo h[jy^Zo b p_j_fhgbyo \ h[mq_gbb j_eb]bb

Hkms_kl\e_gb_ k\h[h^u bkih\_^h\Zlv j_eb]bx beb m[_`^_gby ih^ e_`bl ebrv l_f h]jZgbq_gbyf dhlhju_ g_h[oh^bfu ^ey hojZgu h[s_kl \_gghc [_ahiZkghklb b ihjy^dZ `bagb a^hjh\vy b fhjZeb Z lZd`_ ijZ\ b k\h[h^ ^jm]bo ]jZ`^Zg mklZgh\e_gu aZdhghf b kh\f_klbfu k f_`^m gZjh^gufb h[yaZl_evkl\Zfb KKKJ

KlZlvy 4. JZ\ghijZ\b_ ]jZ`^Zg g_aZ\bkbfh hl bo hlghr_gby d j_eb]bb

=jZ`^Zg_ KKKJ jZ\gu i_j_^ aZdhghf \h \k_o h[eZklyo ]jZ`^Zgkdhc

iheblbq_kdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc khpbZevghc b dmevlmjghc `bagb g_aZ\b kbfh hl hlghr_gby d j_eb]bb MdZaZgb_ \ hnbpbZevguo ^hdmf_glZo gZ hlghr_gb_ ]jZ`^ZgbgZ d j_eb]bb g_ ^himkdZ_lky djhf_ kemqZ_\ dh]^Z wlh]h `_eZ_l kZf ]jZ`^Zgbg

DZdh_ [u lh gb [ueh ijyfh_ beb dhk\_ggh_ h]jZgbq_gb_ ijZ\ b mklZ gh\e_gb_ dZdbo-eb[h ij_bfms_kl\ ]jZ`^Zg \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl bo hlghr_

gby d j_eb]bb jZ\gh dZd \ha[m`^_gb_ k\yaZgguo k wlbf \jZ`^u b g_gZ \bklb eb[h hkdhj[e_gb_ qm\kl\ ]jZ`^Zg \e_dml hl\_lkl\_gghklv mklZ gh\e_ggmx aZdhghf

Gbdlh g_ fh`_l ih fhlb\Zf k\hbo j_eb]bhaguo m[_`^_gbc mdehgylv ky hl bkiheg_gby mklZgh\e_gguo aZdhghf h[yaZgghkl_c AZf_gZ bkiheg_ gby h^ghc h[yaZgghklb gZ ^jm]mx ih fhlb\Zf m[_`^_gbc ^himkdZ_lky ebrv \ kemqZyo ij_^mkfhlj_gguo aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf KKKJ

KlZlvy Hl^_e_gb_ p_jd\b j_eb]bhaguo hj]ZgbaZpbc hl ]hkm ^Zjkl\Z

<k_ j_eb]bb b \_jhbkih\_^Zgby jZ\gu i_j_^ aZdhghf MklZgh\e_gb_ dZdbo-eb[h ij_bfms_kl\ beb h]jZgbq_gbc h^ghc j_eb]bb beb \_jhbkih

\_^Zgby ih hlghr_gbx d ^jm]bf g_ ^himkdZ_lky

=hkm^Zjkl\h g_ \haeZ]Z_l gZ j_eb]bhagu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb \uiheg_gb_ dZdbo-eb[h ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nmgdpbc g_ \f_rb\Z_lky \ ^_yl_evghklv

j_eb]bhaguo hj]ZgbaZpbc _keb hgZ g_ ijhlb\hj_qbl aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\m =hkm^Zjkl\h g_ nbgZgkbjm_l ^_yl_evghklv j_eb]bhaguo hj]ZgbaZpbc b ^_yl_evghklv ih ijhiZ]Zg^_ Zl_bafZ

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G_ ^himkdZxlky h]jZgbq_gby gZ \_^_gb_ gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc \ lhf qbke_ nbgZgkbjm_fuo ]hkm^Zjkl\hf ijhiZ]Zg^m bo j_amevlZlh\ eb[h \dex-

q_gb_ bo \ h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgu_ ijh]jZffu ih ijbagZdm bo khhl\_lkl\by beb g_khhl\_lkl\by iheh`_gbyf dZdhc-eb[h ba j_eb]bc beb Zl_bafZ

J_eb]bhagu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb g_ \uihegyxl ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nmgdpbc

J_eb]bhagu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb \ijZ\_ mqZkl\h\Zlv \ h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb Z lZd`_ bkihevah\Zlv gZjZ\g_ k h[s_kl\_ggufb h[t_^bg_gbyfb kj_^kl\Z fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb

J_eb]bhagu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb g_ mqZkl\mxl \ ^_yl_evghklb iheblbq_kdbo iZjlbc b g_ hdZau\Zxl iheblbq_kdbf iZjlbyf nbgZgkh\hc ih^^_j`db Kem`bl_eb j_eb]bhaguo hj]ZgbaZpbc bf_xl ijZ\h gZ mqZklb_ \ iheblb q_kdhc `bagb gZjZ\g_ kh \k_fb ]jZ`^ZgZfb

J_eb]bhagu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb h[yaZgu kh[ex^Zlv lj_[h\Zgby ^_ckl\mx s_]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z b ijZ\hihjy^hd

=hkm^Zjkl\h kihkh[kl\m_l mklZgh\e_gbx hlghr_gbc \aZbfghc l_jib fhklb b m\Z`_gby f_`^m ]jZ`^ZgZfb bkih\_^mxsbfb j_eb]bx b g_ bk ih\_^mxsbfb __ f_`^m j_eb]bhagufb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb jZaebqguo \_jh bkih\_^Zgbc Z lZd`_ f_`^m bo ihke_^h\Zl_eyfb

KlZlvy 6. Hl^_e_gb_ rdheu hl p_jd\b j_eb]bhaguo hj]ZgbaZpbc

=hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kbkl_fZ h[jZah\Zgby \ KKKJ hl^_e_gZ hl p_jd\b b gh kbl k\_lkdbc oZjZdl_j >hklmi d jZaebqguf \b^Zf b mjh\gyf h[jZah\Zgby ij_^hklZ\ey_lky ]jZ`^ZgZf g_aZ\bkbfh hl bo hlghr_gby d j_eb]bb

=jZ`^Zg_ fh]ml h[mqZlvky j_eb]bhaghfm \_jhmq_gbx b ihemqZlv j_ eb]bhagh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ gZ yaud_ ih k\h_fm \u[hjm: bg^b\b^mZevgh beb

kh\f_klgh k ^jm]bfb

J_eb]bhagu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb bf_xsb_ aZj_]bkljbjh\Zggu_ \ mklZgh\ e_gghf ihjy^d_ mklZ\u iheh`_gby \ijZ\_ \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh k\hbfb mklZgh\e_gbyfb kha^Z\Zlv ^ey j_eb]bhagh]h h[jZah\Zgby ^_l_c b \ajhk euo mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby b ]jmiiu Z lZd`_ ijh\h^blv h[mq_gb_ \ bguo nhjfZo bkihevamy ^ey wlh]h ijbgZ^e_`Zsb_ beb ij_^hklZ\ey_fu_ bf \ ihevah\Zgb_ ihf_s_gby > @

<_^hfhklb Kt_a^Z gZjh^guo ^_imlZlh\ KKKJ b <_joh\gh]h Kh\_lZ KKKJ ‹ 41. hdly[jy ]

12. MdZa Ij_ab^_glZ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb “H f_jZo ih aZsbl_ k\h[h^u fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb \ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb”

^_dZ[jy ]

< p_eyo aZsblu k\h[h^u fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb g_^hims_gby kha^Z gby b nbgZgkbjh\Zgby hj]ZgbaZpbc mqj_`^_gbc hj]Zgh\ beb ^he`gh

363

kl_c \ aZ^Zqb eb[h nmgdpbb dhlhjuo \oh^bl hkms_kl\e_gb_ p_gamju b gZ hkgh\Zgbb MdZaZ Ij_ab^_glZ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb hl hdly[jy 1993 ] ‹ “H ijZ\h\hf j_]mebjh\Zgbb \ i_jbh^ ihwlZighc dhgklb

lmpbhgghc j_nhjfu \ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb” ihklZgh\eyx

1. IjbhklZgh\blv ^_ckl\b_ ihklZgh\e_gby Kt_a^Z gZjh^guo ^_imlZ lh\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb hl fZjlZ ] “H f_jZo ih h[_ki_q_gbx

k\h[h^u keh\Z gZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf l_e_jZ^bh\_sZgbb b \ kem`[Zo bg nhjfZpbb” b ihklZgh\e_gby <_joh\gh]h Kh\_lZ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

hl bxey ] “H ijb\ZlbaZpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ba^Zl_evkl\ ba^Z l_evkdh-iheb]jZnbq_kdbo dhfie_dkh\ b lbih]jZnbc” ^h ijbgylby khhl \_lkl\mxsbo j_r_gbc N_^_jZevguf Kh[jZgb_f Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbbKh\_lm Fbgbkljh\ – IjZ\bl_evkl\m Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ^h

yg\Zjy ] ij_^klZ\blv ij_^eh`_gby ih kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbx aZdhgh ^Zl_evkl\Z Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb h kj_^kl\Zo fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb

<g_klb MdZa gZ jZkkfhlj_gb_ N_^_jZevgh]h Kh[jZgby Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

GZklhysbc MdZa \klmiZ_l \ kbem kh ^gy _]h ih^ibkZgby

Kh[jZgb_ Zdlh\ Ij_ab^bmfZ b IjZ\bl_evkl\Z Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

‹ 49. Cl

MdZa ‹ Ij_ab^_glZ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

“H \dexq_gbb hl^_evguo h[t_dlh\ \ =hkm^Zjkl\_gguc k\h^ hkh[h p_gguo h[t_dlh\ dmevlmjgh]h gZke_^by gZjh^h\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb”

< p_eyo h[_ki_q_gby khojZgghklb bklhjbdh-dmevlmjgh]h gZke_^by gZ jh^h\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ihklZgh\eyx

1. <dexqblv \ =hkm^Zjkl\_gguc k\h^ hkh[h p_gguo h[t_dlh\ dmev lmjgh]h gZke_^by gZjh^h\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ke_^mxsb_ h[t_dlu« Bgklblml jmkkdhc ebl_jZlmju “Imrdbgkdbc ^hf” ] KZgdl-I_l_j-

[mj]

:dZ^_fby jmkkdh]h [Ze_lZ bf_gb : Y <Z]Zgh\hc ] KZgdl-I_l_j- [mj]

Jhkkbckdbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc \h_ggh-bklhjbq_kdbc Zjob\ ] Fhkd\Z =hkm^Zjkl\_gguc Zjob\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ] Fhkd\Z

364

Fhkdh\kdbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc l_ogbq_kdbc mgb\_jkbl_l bf G W ;ZmfZgZ =hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ;hjh^bgkdbc \h_ggh-bklhjbq_kdbc fma_c-aZih\_^-

gbd \dexqZy l_jjblhjbx k jZkiheh`_ggufb gZ g_c iZfylgbdZfb bklh jbb b dmevlmju Fhkdh\kdZy h[eZklv

=hkm^Zjkl\_gguc fma_c fmaudZevghc dmevlmju bf_gb F B =ebgdb] Fhkd\Z

=hkm^Zjkl\_gguc Jhklh\h-YjhkeZ\kdbc Zjobl_dlmjgh-om^h`_kl\_g- guc fma_c-aZih\_^gbd ] Jhklh\ YjhkeZ\kdhc h[eZklb«

Fhkd\Z Dj_fev

yg\Zjy ]

Hl_q_kl\_ggu_ Zjob\u ‹ K

14. Ba aZdhgZ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb “Hkgh\u aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb h dmevlmj_” k baf_g_gbyfb gZ bxgy ].)

>hdmf_gl k baf_g_gbyfb \g_k_ggufb N_^_jZevguf aZdhghf hl bxgy ]. ‹ -NA \klmibe \ kbem k yg\Zjy ].).

Jmdh\h^kl\mykv Dhgklblmpb_c Hkgh\guf AZdhghf Jhkkbckdhc N_ ^_jZpbb N_^_jZlb\guf ^h]h\hjhf ghjfZfb f_`^mgZjh^gh]h ijZ\Z ijbagZ\Zy hkgh\hiheZ]Zxsmx jhev dmevlmju \ jZa\blbb b kZfhj_ZebaZ pbb ebqghklb ]mfZgbaZpbb h[s_kl\Z b khojZg_gbb gZpbhgZevghc kZfh [ulghklb gZjh^h\ ml\_j`^_gbb bo ^hklhbgkl\Z hlf_qZy g_jZaju\gmx k\yav kha^Zgby b khojZg_gby dmevlmjguo p_gghkl_c ijbh[s_gby d gbf \k_o ]jZ`^Zg k khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbf ijh]j_kkhf jZa\blb_f ^_fh

djZlbb mdj_ie_gb_f p_ehklghklb b km\_j_gbl_lZ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb \ujZ`Zy klj_fe_gb_ d f_`gZpbhgZevghfm dmevlmjghfm khljm^gbq_kl\m b bgl_]jZpbb hl_q_kl\_gghc dmevlmju \ fbjh\mx dmevlmjm, <_joh\guc

Kh\_l Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ijbgbfZ_l gZklhysb_ Hkgh\u aZdhgh^Z l_evkl\Z h dmevlmj_ (^Ze__ – Hkgh\u) \ dZq_kl\_ ijZ\h\hc [Zau khojZg_

gby b jZa\blby dmevlmju \ Jhkkbb

JZa^_e ,. H;SB? IHEH@?GBY

KlZlvy AZ^Zqb aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb h dmevlmj_

AZ^ZqZfb aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb h dmevlmj_ y\ey xlky

h[_ki_q_gb_ b aZsblZ dhgklblmpbhggh]h ijZ\Z ]jZ`^Zg Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb gZ dmevlmjgmx ^_yl_evghklv – kha^Zgb_ ijZ\h\uo ]ZjZglbc ^ey

365

k\h[h^ghc dmevlmjghc ^_yl_evghklb h[t_^bg_gbc ]jZ`^Zg gZjh^h\ b bguo wlgbq_kdbo h[sghkl_c Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

hij_^_e_gb_ ijbgpbih\ b ijZ\h\uo ghjf hlghr_gbc km[t_dlh\ dmev lmjghc ^_yl_evghklb

hij_^_e_gb_ ijbgpbih\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc dmevlmjghc iheblbdb ijZ \h\uo ghjf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ih^^_j`db dmevlmju b ]ZjZglbc g_\f_rZ l_evkl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ l\hjq_kdb_ ijhp_kku

KlZlvy H[eZklv ijbf_g_gby Hkgh\ aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z Jhkkbc kdhc N_^_jZpbb h dmevlmj_

GZklhysb_ Hkgh\u j_]mebjmxl dmevlmjgmx ^_yl_evghklv \ ke_^mx sbo h[eZklyo

\uy\e_gb_ bamq_gb_ hojZgZ j_klZ\jZpby b bkihevah\Zgb_ iZfylgb dh\ bklhjbb b dmevlmju

om^h`_kl\_ggZy ebl_jZlmjZ dbg_fZlh]jZnby kp_gbq_kdh_ ieZklbq_ kdh_ fmaudZevgh_ bkdmkkl\h Zjobl_dlmjZ b ^baZcg nhlhbkdmkkl\h ^jm ]b_ \b^u b `Zgju bkdmkkl\Z

om^h`_kl\_ggu_ gZjh^gu_ ijhfukeu b j_f_keZ gZjh^gZy dmevlmjZ \ lZdbo __ ijhy\e_gbyo dZd yaudb ^bZe_dlu b ]h\hju nhevdehj h[uqZb b h[jy^u bklhjbq_kdb_ lhihgbfu

kZfh^_yl_evgh_ ex[bl_evkdh_ om^h`_kl\_ggh_ l\hjq_kl\h fma_cgh_ ^_eh b dhee_dpbhgbjh\Zgb_

dgb]hba^Zgb_ b [b[ebhl_qgh_ ^_eh Z lZd`_ bgZy dmevlmjgZy ^_yl_ev ghklv k\yaZggZy k kha^Zgb_f ijhba\_^_gbc i_qZlb bo jZkijhkljZg_gb_f

b bkihevah\Zgb_f Zjob\gh_ ^_eh

l_e_\b^_gb_ jZ^bh b ^jm]b_ Zm^bh\bamZevgu_ kj_^kl\Z \ qZklb kha^Z gby b jZkijhkljZg_gby dmevlmjguo p_gghkl_c

wkl_lbq_kdh_ \hkiblZgb_ om^h`_kl\_ggh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ i_^Z]h]bq_ kdZy ^_yl_evghklv \ wlhc h[eZklb

gZmqgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby dmevlmju f_`^mgZjh^gu_ dmevlmjgu_ h[f_gu

ijhba\h^kl\h fZl_jbZeh\ h[hjm^h\Zgby b ^jm]bo kj_^kl\ g_h[oh^b fuo ^ey khojZg_gby kha^Zgby jZkijhkljZg_gby b hk\h_gby dmevlmjguo p_gghkl_c

bgZy ^_yl_evghklv \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjhc khojZgyxlky kha^Zxlky jZkijhkljZgyxlky b hk\Zb\Zxlky dmevlmjgu_ p_gghklb

KlZlvy JZ\gh_ ^hklhbgkl\h dmevlmj gZjh^h\ b bguo wlgbq_ kdbo h[sghkl_c Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb bo ijZ\ b k\h[h^ \ h[eZklb

dmevlmju

JhkkbckdZy N_^_jZpby ijbagZ_l jZ\gh_ ^hklhbgkl\h dmevlmj jZ\gu_ ijZ\Z b k\h[h^u \ h[eZklb dmevlmju \k_o ijh`b\Zxsbo \ g_c gZjh^h\ b

366

bguo wlgbq_kdbo h[sghkl_c kihkh[kl\m_l kha^Zgbx jZ\guo mkeh\bc ^ey khojZg_gby b jZa\blby wlbo dmevlmj h[_ki_qb\Z_l b mdj_iey_l p_ehkl ghklv jhkkbckdhc dmevlmju ihkj_^kl\hf aZdhgh^Zl_evgh]h j_]mebjh\Z gby n_^_jZevghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc dmevlmjghc iheblbdb b n_^_jZevguo ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ijh]jZff khojZg_gby b jZa\blby dmevlmju«

JZa^_e ,, IJ:<: B K<H;H>U Q?EH<?D: < H;E:KLB DMEV-

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KlZlvy 8. G_hlt_fe_fhklv ijZ\Z dZ`^h]h q_eh\_dZ gZ dmevlmj gmx ^_yl_evghklv

< Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb dmevlmjgZy ^_yl_evghklv y\ey_lky g_hlt_f e_fuf ijZ\hf dZ`^h]h ]jZ`^ZgbgZ g_aZ\bkbfh hl gZpbhgZevgh]h b kh pbZevgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby yaudZ iheZ iheblbq_kdbo j_eb]bhaguo b bguo m[_`^_gbc f_klZ `bl_evkl\Z bfms_kl\_ggh]h iheh`_gby h[jZah \Zgby ijhn_kkbb beb ^jm]bo h[klhyl_evkl\«

KlZlvy 10. IjZ\h gZ l\hjq_kl\h

DZ`^uc q_eh\_d bf__l ijZ\h gZ \k_ \b^u l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh k\hbfb bgl_j_kZfb b kihkh[ghklyfb IjZ\h q_eh\_dZ aZgbfZlvky l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklvx fh`_l hkms_kl\eylvky dZd gZ ijhn_kkbhgZevghc lZd b gZ g_ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ex[bl_evkdhc hkgh\_

Ijhn_kkbhgZevguc b g_ijhn_kkbhgZevguc l\hjq_kdbc jZ[hlgbd jZ\ ghijZ\gu \ h[eZklb Z\lhjkdh]h ijZ\Z b kf_`guo ijZ\ ijZ\Z gZ bgl_e e_dlmZevgmx kh[kl\_gghklv hojZgm k_dj_lh\ fZkl_jkl\Z k\h[h^m jZkih jy`_gby j_amevlZlZfb k\h_]h ljm^Z ih^^_j`dm ]hkm^Zjkl\Z

KlZlvy 11. IjZ\h gZ ebqgmx dmevlmjgmx kZfh[ulghklv

DZ`^uc q_eh\_d bf__l ijZ\h gZ k\h[h^guc \u[hj gjZ\kl\_gguo wk l_lbq_kdbo b ^jm]bo p_gghkl_c gZ aZsblm ]hkm^Zjkl\hf k\h_c dmevlmj ghc kZfh[ulghklb

KlZlvy 12. IjZ\h gZ ijbh[s_gb_ d dmevlmjguf p_gghklyf

DZ`^uc q_eh\_d bf__l ijZ\h gZ ijbh[s_gb_ d dmevlmjguf p_ggh klyf gZ ^hklmi d ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf [b[ebhl_qguf fma_cguf Zjob\guf nhg^Zf bguf kh[jZgbyf \h \k_o h[eZklyo dmevlmjghc ^_yl_evghklb H]jZgbq_gby ^hklmighklb dmevlmjguo p_gghkl_c ih khh[jZ`_gbyf k_d j_lghklb beb hkh[h]h j_`bfZ ihevah\Zgby mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky aZdhgh^Z l_evkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

EbpZf g_ ^hklb]rbf \hk_fgZ^pZlb e_l ]ZjZglbjm_lky ijZ\h [_k ieZlgh]h ihk_s_gby fma__\ h^bg jZa \ f_kyp Ihjy^hd [_kieZlgh]h ih k_s_gby fma__\ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky IjZ\bl_evkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbbqZklv ^hihegbl_evgh \dexq_gZ k yg\Zjy ] N_^_jZevguf aZdhghf hl bxgy ] ‹ -NA

367

KlZlvy 13. IjZ\h gZ ]mfZgblZjgh_ b om^h`_kl\_ggh_ h[jZah- \Zgb_

DZ`^uc q_eh\_d [_a h]jZgbq_gby \hajZklZ bf__l ijZ\h gZ ]mfZgblZj gh_ b om^h`_kl\_ggh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ gZ \u[hj _]h nhjf b kihkh[h\ \ khhl

\_lkl\bb k aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb h[ h[jZah\Zgbb

KlZlvy 14. IjZ\h kh[kl\_gghklb \ h[eZklb dmevlmju

DZ`^uc q_eh\_d bf__l ijZ\h kh[kl\_gghklb \ h[eZklb dmevlmju IjZ \h kh[kl\_gghklb jZkijhkljZgy_lky gZ bf_xsb_ bklhjbdh-dmevlmjgh_

agZq_gb_ ij_^f_lu dhee_dpbb b kh[jZgby a^Zgby b khhjm`_gby hj]Zgb aZpbb mqj_`^_gby ij_^ijbylby b bgu_ h[t_dlu

Ihjy^hd ijbh[j_l_gby mkeh\by \eZ^_gby ihevah\Zgby b jZkihjy`_ gby h[t_dlZfb kh[kl\_gghklb \ h[eZklb dmevlmju j_]eZf_glbjmxlky aZ dhgh^Zl_evkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

KlZlvy 15. IjZ\h kha^Z\Zlv hj]ZgbaZpbb mqj_`^_gby b ij_^ ijbylby \ h[eZklb dmevlmju

=jZ`^Zg_ bf_xl ijZ\h kha^Z\Zlv hj]ZgbaZpbb mqj_`^_gby b ij_^ ijbylby bf_gm_fu_ \ ^Zevg_cr_f hj]ZgbaZpbyfb ih ijhba\h^kl\m lbjZ`bjh\Zgbx b jZkijhkljZg_gbx dmevlmjguo p_gghkl_c [eZ] ih kj_^gbq_kl\m \ h[eZklb dmevlmjghc ^_yl_evghklb \ ihjy^d_ hij_^_ey_ fhf aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

KlZlvy 16. IjZ\h kha^Z\Zlv h[s_kl\_ggu_ h[t_^bg_gby \ h[eZk lb dmevlmju

=jZ`^Zg_ bf_xl ijZ\h kha^Z\Zlv ZkkhpbZpbb l\hjq_kdb_ khxau ]bev^bb beb bgu_ dmevlmjgu_ h[t_^bg_gby \ ihjy^d_ hij_^_ey_fhf aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf h[ h[s_kl\_gguo h[t_^bg_gbyo

KlZlvy 17. IjZ\h \u\hablv aZ ]jZgbpm j_amevlZlu k\h_c l\hjq_ kdhc ^_yl_evghklb

=jZ`^Zg_ bf_xl ijZ\h \u\hablv aZ ]jZgbpm k p_evx wdkihgbjh\Zgby bguo nhjf im[ebqgh]h ij_^klZ\e_gby Z lZd`_ k p_evx ijh^Z`b j_amev lZlu k\h_c l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb \ ihjy^d_ hij_^_ey_fhf aZdhgh^Z l_evkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb

KlZlvy 18. IjZ\h gZ dmevlmjgmx ^_yl_evghklv \ aZjm[_`guo kljZgZo

=jZ`^Zg_ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb bf_xl ijZ\h hkms_kl\eylv dmev lmjgmx ^_yl_evghklv \ aZjm[_`guo kljZgZo kha^Z\Zlv hj]ZgbaZpbb dmev lmju gZ l_jjblhjbb ^jm]bo ]hkm^Zjkl\ _keb ihke_^g__ g_ ijhlb\hj_qbl aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\m wlbo ]hkm^Zjkl\«

368

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KlZlvy 20. IjZ\h gZ khojZg_gb_ b jZa\blb_ dmevlmjgh-gZpbh- gZevghc kZfh[ulghklb gZjh^h\ b bguo wlgbq_kdbo h[sghkl_c

GZjh^u b bgu_ wlgbq_kdb_ h[sghklb \ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb bf_xl ijZ\h gZ khojZg_gb_ b jZa\blb_ k\h_c dmevlmjgh-gZpbhgZevghc kZfh[ul

ghklb aZsblm \hkklZgh\e_gb_ b khojZg_gb_ bkdhgghc dmevlmjgh-bklhjb- q_kdhc kj_^u h[blZgby

IheblbdZ \ h[eZklb khojZg_gby kha^Zgby b jZkijhkljZg_gby dmevlmj- guo p_gghkl_c dhj_gguo gZpbhgZevghkl_c ^Z\rbo gZbf_gh\Zgby gZpbh- gZevgh-]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf h[jZah\Zgbyf g_ ^he`gZ gZghkblv ms_j[ dmev-

lmjZf ^jm]bo gZjh^h\ b bguo wlgbq_kdbo h[sghkl_c ijh`b\Zxsbo gZ ^Zgguo l_jjblhjbyo

JZa^_e 9 IHEH@?GB? L<HJQ?KDBO J:;HLGBDH<

KlZlvy =hkm^Zjkl\h b iheh`_gb_ l\hjq_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\

JhkkbckdZy N_^_jZpby ijbagZ_l bkdexqbl_evgmx jhev l\hjq_kdh]h jZ[hlgbdZ \ dmevlmjghc ^_yl_evghklb _]h k\h[h^u fhjZevgu_ wdhgh fbq_kdb_ b khpbZevgu_ ijZ\Z

JhkkbckdZy N_^_jZpby

klbfmebjm_l ^_yl_evghklv l\hjq_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ gZijZ\e_ggmx gZ ih\ur_gb_ dZq_kl\Z `bagb gZjh^Z khojZg_gb_ b jZa\blb_ dmevlmju

h[_ki_qb\Z_l mkeh\by ljm^Z b aZgylhklb l\hjq_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u hgb bf_eb \hafh`ghklv \ `_eZl_evghc ^ey gbo nhjf_ ihk\ylblv k_[y l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb

kihkh[kl\m_l jhklm kijhkZ kh klhjhgu h[s_kl\Z b qZklguo ebp gZ ijh^mdpbx l\hjq_kl\Z \ p_eyo jZkrbj_gby \hafh`ghkl_c l\hjq_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ ihemqZlv hieZqb\Z_fmx jZ[hlm

kh\_jr_gkl\m_l kbkl_fm khpbZevgh]h h[_ki_q_gby l\hjq_kdbo jZ[hl gbdh\ k mq_lhf ki_pbnbdb l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb

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kh\_jr_gkl\m_l kbkl_fm gZeh]hh[eh`_gby l\hjq_kdbo jZ[hlgbdh\ k mq_lhf ki_pbnbdb bo ^_yl_evghklb

kh^_ckl\m_l l\hjq_kdbf jZ[hlgbdZf \ jZkrbj_gbb f_`^mgZjh^guo l\hjq_kdbo dhglZdlh\

jZkrbjy_l \hafh`ghklb mqZklby `_gsbg \ jZaebqguo h[eZklyo dmev lmjghc ^_yl_evghklb

j_Zebam_l iheh`_gby ijbgylhc HHG >_deZjZpbb ijZ\ j_[_gdZ mqblu \Zxsb_ ki_pbnbdm j_[_gdZ aZgbfZxs_]hky l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklvx

369