- •Contents
- •От авторов
- •Section II etymological survey of the english word-stock
- •Section III morphological structure of the english word. Word-formation
- •Section IV lexical meaning as a linguistic category. Semantic analysis of words. Polysemy and homonymy
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section V semantic classification of words. Synonymy
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section VI lexical-phraseological combinability of words. Phraseological units
- •Section VII stylistic layers of the english vocabulary. Terminology
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section VIII regional varieties of the vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary of american english
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section IX lexicography
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Part II. Word analysis Section II
- •1. Group the following words according to their origin and state the degree of their assimilation.
- •2. Study the following doublets and explain how they differ in origin and meaning.
- •3. Study examples of borrowings to explain how adopting words from other languages depends on socio-cultural factors.
- •2. Discuss these words in terms of item and arrangement. How do these words demonstrate productive patterns of affixation in Modern English?
- •6. Write the words from which the following shortenings were formed.
- •7. Comment on the formation of these words.
- •8. Study the underlined words and identify the type of word-building.
- •9. Explain how the following units were formed.
- •1. Which of the underlined words is realized in a) nominative meaning, b) nominative-derivative meaning?
- •2. Analyze the word “rich” in terms of different types of meaning.
- •3. Read the text aloud. Provide lexicological explanation of the humorous effect produced by the poem. Spell checker
- •Section V
- •“Daddy, can I have a chocolate?” said the girl to her father.
- •2. These synonymic series are adduced in the English-Russian Dictionary of Synonyms (Moscow, 1979). Do these words satisfy the definition of synonyms?
- •1) Cold, cool, chilly, chil, frosty, frigid, freezing, icy, arctic;
- •2) Impatient, nervous, nervy, unquiet, uneasy, restless, restive, fidgety, feverish, jumpy, jittery.
- •1. Study the following examples of phraseological units and use them to describe V.V.Vinogradov’s classification. Phraseological combinations:
- •Phraseological unities:
- •Phraseological fusions:
- •2. Identify free and idiomatic word-combinations and give their Russian equivalents.
- •3. Match the following adjectives and nouns to give English equivalents of the following Russian word-combinations. Can the English phrases be described as free word-combinations? Why (why not)?
- •Section VII
- •1. Study the following words and their definitions. Say what peculiarities of these words make it possible to describe them as slang words.
- •2. Read the following sentences paying attention to the words and word combinations in italics. Say whether these words are literary colloquial or low colloquial.
- •4. Study the advertisement below; find 1) colloquial words, 2) neutral words, 3) terms, 4) learned words.
- •1. Use the material below to discuss the vocabulary of American English.
- •Americanisms Proper
- •Lexical analogues
- •4. Give lexicological analysis of the following humorous poem.
- •1. Choose one of the dictionaries from the given list.
- •3. The following text contains numerous vocabulary errors. Correct them and explain how (and what kind of) dictionaries can help students of English to avoid such mistakes. Expensive Mary
- •Topics for discussion
- •References
2. Discuss these words in terms of item and arrangement. How do these words demonstrate productive patterns of affixation in Modern English?
Uncomprehendingly, unrelenting, unregretting, unyielding, undecided, unemotionalism, unwholesome, unobserved.
3. In English some combinations of sounds are believed to express certain meaning. In every language there are words formed from sounds that resemble those associated with an object or action to be named, or that seem suggestive of its qualities. Read to learn more about onomatopeia.
Gr- at the beginning of the word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable, e.g. groan, grumble, grumpy, grunt, growl.
Cl- at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/or metallic, e.g. click, clang, clash, clink. Horses do clip-clop on the road.
Sp- at the beginning of a word can have an association with water or other liquids or powders, e.g. splash, spit, splutter, spray, sprinkle, spurt.
Ash- at the end of a word can suggest something fast and violent, e.g. smash, dash, crash, bash, gash.
Wh- at the beginning of a word often suggests the movement of air, e.g. whistle, whirr, whiz, wheeze, whip.
-Ckle, -ggle, or zzle at the end of a word can suggest something light and repeated, e.g. trickle, crackle, tinkle, giggle, wriggle, sizzle, drizzle.
4. Using the information above match the words and word combinations in the left column with those in the right one. Try to guess the meaning of the verbs.
Schoolchildren |
Crackle |
a bad tempered person or a dog |
Tinkle |
the bell on a cat’s collar |
clank |
a bored child |
Whistle |
a fire |
Giggle |
a churchbell |
Growl |
a stream train |
Clang |
a prisoner’s chain |
Wheeze |
Someone with asthma |
Wriggle |
5. Match the shortenings in the left column with the words and phrases in the right column.
BSc |
compact disk |
FBI |
for example |
Fr |
Postscript |
Ext. |
Federal Bureau of Investigation |
CD |
please note |
Asap |
personal identification number |
PIN |
Mister |
e.g. |
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation |
UNESCO |
and so on |
PS |
business representative |
Etc. |
Bachelor of Science |
Mr |
care of |
Rep |
Extension |
NB |
Father (title for a priest) |
c/o |
as soon as possible |
6. Write the words from which the following shortenings were formed.
Mob, wig, Zoo, auto, bacco-box, tec, comfy, flush, flurry, fruice, ike, sub, ad, B-girl, props, para troops.
7. Comment on the formation of these words.
To pettifog, to spring-clean, to burgle, to strap-hang, to type-write, to sight-read, to mote, to darkle, to beg.