Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
К модальным глаголам относятся: can, may, must, should, ought to, need.
Особенности модальных глаголов
1. Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом без частицы “to” смыслового глагола.
I can swim.
2. В 3-м лице единственного числа настоящего времени модальные глаголы не имеют окончания -s.
He may take it.
3. Вопросительные формы образуются без вспомогательных глаголов.
Общий вопрос:
Can you do it?
May I help you?
Must he go there?
Should we help them?
Ought he to help him?
Need he do it?
Разделительный вопрос:
He can do it, can’t he?
They may enter this room, mayn’t they?
He must go there, mustn’t he?
She should help them, shouldn’t she?
He ought to help him, oughtn’t he?
He needn’t do it, need he?
Специальный вопрос:
1) вопросительное слово;
2) модальный глагол;
3) подлежащее;
4) инфинитив.
What must he do?
Where may they go?
4. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы “not”, которая ставится непосредственно после модального глагола.
He can’t translate this text.
They mustn’t go there now.
5. Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными, так как они не имеют всех форм, которые имеют другие глаголы. Для недостающих форм используются эквиваленты модальных глаголов.
Модальные глаголы need, should, ought to имеют только одну форму и не имеют эквиваленты.
“Have to” – единственный модальный глагол, требующий вспомогательные глаголы для образования вопросительных и отрицательных форм. В настоящем времени – “do”, “does”, в прошедшем времени “did”.
a) My brother has to get up early every day.
He doesn’t have to get up early every day.
Does he have to get up early every day?
My brother has to get up early every day, doesn’t he?
When does my brother have to get up?
My brother had to get up early yesterday.
He didn’t have to get up early yesterday.
Did he have to get up early yesterday?
My brother had to get up early yesterday, didn’t he?
When did my brother have to get up?
Модальные глаголы
Модальный глагол |
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
Future Simple |
Модальное значение |
can эквивалент to be able to |
can
a is are |
could
w as were |
‑will be able to |
|
may эквивалент to be allowed to |
may
am is are
|
might
was were |
‑will be allowed to |
|
must |
must |
-
|
- |
|
to have to |
have has
|
had to |
will have to |
Необходимость, вызванная обстоятельствами |
to be to |
a m is are |
w as were |
- |
Необходимость, связанная с договоренностью или планом |
should |
should |
-
|
- |
Необходимость (совет) |
ought to |
ought to |
-
|
- |
Необходимость (долг) |
m
Примечание. “Сould” может использоваться для того, чтобы выразить вежливую просьбу.
Could you tell me the way to the station?
Exercises
Ex. 1. Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative forms.
1. They must tell her this news. 2. She can investigate this case herself. 3. They could examine evidence given by the policeman. 4. This lawyer will be able to help the accused. 5. They were allowed to enter the court room. 6. She had to wait for the solicitor. 7. The judge is to pass the punishment.
Ex. 2. Put the sentences in Past, Future Simple/ Indefinite using modal verbs or their equivalents.
Example 1: He must learn the new words regularly.
He had to learn the new words regularly.
He will have to learn the new words regularly.
We must pass the examination in physics. 2. He must leave early in the morning. 3. You must read the text again. 4. They must begin their work at 9 o’clock. 5. She must go there at once.
Example 2: He can skate well.
He could skate well.
He will be able to skate.
He can continue his studies at the evening department. 2. I can meet you at the Metro station. 3. His father can help him in his studies. 4. I can translate this text without a dictionary. 5. She can play tennis after work.
Example 3: You may open the window.
You were not allowed to open the window.
You will be able allowed to open the window.
You may go home after classes. 2. They may continue the experiment. 3. The students may use dictionaries at the translation test. 4. He may take my pen. 5. The tourists may attend the sitting of the Parliament.
Ex. 3. Find the modal verbs and their equivalents. Translate the sentences into Russian.
A
1. Nick can speak many foreign languages. 2. You mustn't park the car here. 3. You may take this document. 4. You needn't go there. 5. They have to take a taxi in order not to be late for the trial. 6. We had to wait as the lawyer was out. 7. The delegation is to arrive on Monday. 8. Remember you are to be at the court not later than 9. 9. Sherlock Holmes was able to tell everything about every murder of the last hundred years.
B
1.Who can translate this sentence? 2. You can go to Vologda by train or by airplane. 3. Could you speak English a year ago? 4. I hope they will be able to reach the village before it grows dark. 5. You may go away now, I shall finish the work myself. 6. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language. 7. Your son must stay in bed because he is still ill. 8. You should take a taxi if you don’t want to be late for the concert. 9. Students are not allowed to smoke in the classrooms. 10. He was not allowed to enter the concert hall after the third bell. 11. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again. 12. We were to meet at the station at six. 13. He was to stay at the office until the report was ready. 14. You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before the examination. 15. We were to send his letter of recommendation by airmail. 16. You should try to find all the essential facts connected with his work in the Antarctic. 17. The team of experts is to study the present situation in the country. 18. Do you know the students who is to make a report at our next meeting? 19. You should influence your friend. He is not studying the way he should.
Ex. 4. Compose the sentences and translate them into Russian.
He |
Must |
Know your sister |
|
May |
Be busy |
|
Might |
Be ill |
|
Can’t |
Be tired |
|
|
Be hungry |
He |
Must |
Be |
Sleeping |
|
May |
|
Working hard |
|
Might |
|
Watching TV |
|
Can’t |
|
Having dinner |
|
|
|
Playing football |
He |
Must |
Have |
Forgotten your address |
|
May |
|
Lost your book |
|
Might |
|
Missed the train |
|
Can’t |
|
Caught the cold |
|
|
|
Fallen ill |
|
|
|
Left the country |
|
|
|
Sold the piano |
|
|
|
Bought a car |
Ex. 5. Put the sentences into the negative form, ask general, disjunctive and special questions.
1. His sister can cook very well. (who) 2. He was able to translate this text without a dictionary. (what) 3. She will be able to do this work in two days. (when) 4. The children may play here. (where) 5. They were allowed to take part in the competition. (where) 6. The students must work hard at their English. (who) 7. Kate had to stay at home yesterday. (when) 8. She has to clean the house every day. (what) 9. They will have to meet their relatives tomorrow. (whom) 10. They were to start on Monday. (when) 11. He is to come here at 4 o’clock. (who)
Test
1. You will ... speak Spanish in another few months.
а) can b) have c) be able to d) ought
2. I … skate when I was 7 years old.
a) can b) am able to c) may d) could
3. … I wait here?
A May В Have to C Am to D must
4. To my mind, the government ... take care of old people. A ought В need to С must D may
5. I ... get up early on Mondays.
A am able В have to С must D may
6. It was so dark, we … see nothing.
A may B can C could D had to
7. As you... remember, I was always interested in scientific experiments.
A may В have to С must D ought to
8. Little children like books with large print. They ... read them more easily.
A should В must С can D have to
9. ... I speak to Jane, please?
A could В shall С must D ought
10. My dentist says I ... eat so many sweets.
A needn't В mustn't С ought not D shouldn't
11. – Why hasn't Mr. Grill got in touch with us?
– I don't quite know. It ... be that he has lost our phone number.
A may В ought to С must D should
12. It’s very late. You … phone them now.
A shouldn’t B haven’t to C can’t D aren’t able to
13. You … smoke here. It’s forbidden.
A. don’t have to B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. oughtn’t
14. It was decided that Peter would go there alone. His wife and children … join him a week later.
A. had to B. must C. ought D. were to
15. You … be more careful next time. That’s my advice.
A. can B. may C. ought to D. need
16. There is no one today to help you; so you … do the job by yourself.
A. will be able B. must to C. ought D. will have to
17. Why are you so late? – I … change the tyre.
A. must B. could C. had to D. was to
18. You … to visit your parents.
A should B ought C must D may
19. The train isn’t late. It … come on time.
A should B ought C is to D may
20. You … work hard at your English if you want to know it.
A must B may C ought D can
21. Somebody will … to meet her.
A ought B have C need D must
22. I … to help you tomorrow.
A can’t B couldn’t C won’t be able D needn’t
23. The sky is dark. It … rain soon.
A may B should C has to D is to
24. The weather … change tomorrow.
A may B must C should D is to