- •Affixation – a word formation type when a derivative is created by means of adding a derivational affix to a derivational stem (derivation base).
- •Basic form – the word form in which the notion denoted is expressed in the most abstract way. For nouns it is the Common case singular, for verbs, the Infinitive.
- •Calques – See Borrowing, loan translation
- •Dialectism – a dialectal word.
- •Disintegration of polysemy – See Split of polysemy
- •Epidygmatic relationships between words – relations within a word family (q.V.), relations by word-derivation.
- •Equonym – See Equonymy
- •Fashion words – See Vogue words
- •Functions of language
- •Hypernymy– See Hypo-hypernymic relationships
- •Inflexion – a grammatical (form-building) morpheme/affix, indicating a morphological form. – See Grammatical meaning
- •Latinism – a Latin borrowing which preserved the original form (a.D., quid pro quo, etc.). – See Assimilation
- •Lexico-grammatical meaning – categorial (part-of-speech) meaning, a shared meaning within members of lexico-grammatical group of words (part-of-speech class).
- •Lexicology – 'science of the word', a branch of linguistics, which basic task is a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use.
- •Typology of ms.:
- •Onomatopoeia/sound imitation – 1. The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.G. Cuckoo, sizzle); 2. The use of such words.
- •Partitives – words which semantics contains part/whole semes. – See Holonyms; Meronyms
- •Pejorative meaning – derogatory attitude rendered by the semantics of the word (its evaluative connotations). – See Connotation
- •Phrasal verbs – verbs with postpositional elements (originally prepositions) – sit up, look for, slow down, etc. – See size-of-unit problem
- •Intermediate cases.
- •Significatum – See Signification-1
- •Sociolect – language spoken by a social group or a class, characterized by lexical, grammatical, phonetic, stylistic peculiarities. – See Idiolect
- •Stress – See Word stress
- •Taboo word – a word, word usage avoided or prohibited by restriction imposed on by social custom or designated as sacred and prohibited.
- •Variation – the act or an instance of varying of a lexical unit, the extent of this. Relevant to lexicological analysis are the following types of V.:
- •Vocabulary entry – a dictionary article of a certain word.
- •Typology of ws.:
- •Word-simulation – See Word equivalents; Lexicalization; Compounds, quotation cs.
- •References and further reading
- •Терминологический минимум по лексикологии английского языка
Latinism – a Latin borrowing which preserved the original form (a.D., quid pro quo, etc.). – See Assimilation
Law of the sign – one of the basic laws of semiotics which prescribes the direct correspondence of expression and content within a sign.
Learned words – words belonging to a highly elevated vocabulary of science, rhetoric, official language, etc.
Level (of language) – a stage which is determined by the properties of the units singled out in a consistent segmentation of the flow of speech (from the lowest to the highest). – See Semantic level of analysis; Lexicon
Lexeme – a word in all its meanings and forms, i.e. a word as a structural element of language system (invariant). – See Allolex, Word-form, Lexico-semantic variant
Lexical category – a verbal representation of a conceptual category on the level of lexicon, can correspond to a lexico-semantic group. In cognitive semantics (q.v.) l.cs. are described as prototypical categories, organized around a prototypical member – the most prominent member of the category, the subtype that first comes into mind when we think of this category. – See Prototype; Category
Lexical/lexical-semantic field – a group of words more or less corresponding in their main semantic component, or having the same generic meaning, i.e. belonging to the same semantic field (q.v.), or conceptual domain (q.v.): e.g. breakfast, lunch, dinner, brunch, supper are related and all belong to the same lexical field because they all name things in the domain of 'meals'. Often not discriminated from terms lexical/lexico-semantic group, lexical category (q.v.). A special instance of l.f. is a hierarchical taxonomy (q.v.).
Lexical gaps – See Lacuna
Lexical group (lexical/lexico-semantic group) – a set of words related in meaning, representing one and the same conceptual category at the lexical level. Elements of the group share basic semantics (cognitive components), grammatical characteristics, can differ in connotations. Can include superordinate (hyperonymic) and subordinate (hyponymic) terms. E.g. lexico-semantic group of mental verbs (think, consider, decide, know, believe, suppose, etc.). The structural configuration of the l.g. can be described within the framework of field theory and hence the group can be termed lexical/lexico-semantic field (q.v.).
Lexical mapping – the process of concept verbalization, the implementation of conceptual-cognitive domain as a set of concepts in lexical meanings borne by lexical items of a particular language; creation of a construal. Metaphorical term mapping reflects the idea that there is no one-to-one correspondence between cognitive field and lexical field, and moreover, this correspondence is different from language to language.
Lexical meaning – the specific kind of 'content' produced (or engendered) by the reverberation of objective reality in the human consciousness which constitutes the inner (semantic) structure of linguistic units with respect to which their material form is the outer (or phonetic) structure (O.Akhmanova); the material meaning of a word, i.e. the meaning of the main material part of the word (as distinct from its formal, or grammatical part), which reflects the concept the given word expresses and the basic properties of the thing (phenomenon, property, state, etc.) the word denotes. – See Meaning, typology
Lexical morpheme – generalized term for root and derivational morphemes, as expressing lexical meanings in contrast to flexional (morphemes) that express grammatical meanings. – See Root; Affix
Lexical set – See Lexical field
Lexical universals – categories universal to lexicons of all languages (e.g. noun/verb distinction, object/action semantic distinction, etc.); studied by a special branch of general lexicology – universalogy.
Lexicalization – the process of appearance of new lexical items out of the units of levels different from lexemic level – from morphemes (no isms for me!), morphological forms (customs, colours, butcher's), syntactic units (forget-me-not, John what's his name).
'Lexicentric' approach to meaning – meaning is treated as appearing from relations between the referent denoted by a designator and the sign which serves the designator for the referent. Hence another term – referential approach to meaning. – See 'Textocentric' approach to meaning
Lexico-grammatical class or group – part-of-speech distinction; large word groups united on the basis of the shared categorial (part-of-speech) meaning, function and form.