- •Affixation – a word formation type when a derivative is created by means of adding a derivational affix to a derivational stem (derivation base).
- •Basic form – the word form in which the notion denoted is expressed in the most abstract way. For nouns it is the Common case singular, for verbs, the Infinitive.
- •Calques – See Borrowing, loan translation
- •Dialectism – a dialectal word.
- •Disintegration of polysemy – See Split of polysemy
- •Epidygmatic relationships between words – relations within a word family (q.V.), relations by word-derivation.
- •Equonym – See Equonymy
- •Fashion words – See Vogue words
- •Functions of language
- •Hypernymy– See Hypo-hypernymic relationships
- •Inflexion – a grammatical (form-building) morpheme/affix, indicating a morphological form. – See Grammatical meaning
- •Latinism – a Latin borrowing which preserved the original form (a.D., quid pro quo, etc.). – See Assimilation
- •Lexico-grammatical meaning – categorial (part-of-speech) meaning, a shared meaning within members of lexico-grammatical group of words (part-of-speech class).
- •Lexicology – 'science of the word', a branch of linguistics, which basic task is a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use.
- •Typology of ms.:
- •Onomatopoeia/sound imitation – 1. The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.G. Cuckoo, sizzle); 2. The use of such words.
- •Partitives – words which semantics contains part/whole semes. – See Holonyms; Meronyms
- •Pejorative meaning – derogatory attitude rendered by the semantics of the word (its evaluative connotations). – See Connotation
- •Phrasal verbs – verbs with postpositional elements (originally prepositions) – sit up, look for, slow down, etc. – See size-of-unit problem
- •Intermediate cases.
- •Significatum – See Signification-1
- •Sociolect – language spoken by a social group or a class, characterized by lexical, grammatical, phonetic, stylistic peculiarities. – See Idiolect
- •Stress – See Word stress
- •Taboo word – a word, word usage avoided or prohibited by restriction imposed on by social custom or designated as sacred and prohibited.
- •Variation – the act or an instance of varying of a lexical unit, the extent of this. Relevant to lexicological analysis are the following types of V.:
- •Vocabulary entry – a dictionary article of a certain word.
- •Typology of ws.:
- •Word-simulation – See Word equivalents; Lexicalization; Compounds, quotation cs.
- •References and further reading
- •Терминологический минимум по лексикологии английского языка
Fashion words – See Vogue words
Figurative language – allows speakers/writers to communicate meanings that differ in various ways from what they literally say. People speak figuratively for reasons of politeness, to avoid responsibility for the import of what is communicated, to express ideas that are difficult to communicate using literal language, and to express thoughts in a compact and vivid manner. Among the most common forms of figurative language, often referred to as "tropes" or "figures of speech," are metaphor (q.v.), where ideas from dissimilar knowledge domains are either explicitly, in the case of simile (q.v.) (e.g., "My love is like a red, red rose"), or implicitly (e.g., "Our marriage is a roller-coaster ride") compared; metonymy (q.v.), where a salient part of a single knowledge domain is used to represent or stand for the entire domain (e.g., "The White House issued a statement"); idioms (q.v.), where a speaker's meaning cannot be derived from an analysis of the words' typical meanings (e.g., "John let the cat out of the bag about Mary's divorce"); proverbs, where speakers express widely held moral beliefs or social norms (e.g.."The early bird captures the worm"); irony (q.v.), where a speaker's meaning is usually, but not always, the opposite of what is said (e.g., "What lovely weather we're having" stated in the midst of a rainstorm): hyperbole, where a speaker exaggerates the reality of some situation (e.g., "I have ten thousand papers to grade by the morning"); understatement/litotes (q.v.), where a speaker says less than is actually the case (e.g., "John seems a bit tipsy" when John is clearly very drunk); oxymora (q.v.), where two contradictory ideas/concepts are fused together (e.g., "When parting is such sweet sorrow"); and indirect requests, where speakers make requests of others in indirect ways by asking questions (e.g., "Can you pass the salt?"), or stating a simple fact (e.g., "It seems cold in here" meaning "Go close the window").
Figure – a profiled (salient, conspicuous) element of a cognitive domain which underpins the semantics of a word. Other terms: perspective, focus. – See Background; Domain.
Foreign word/foreignism - See Assimilation, barbarism; Borrowing
Form – as opposed to meaning; the sound or graphical form of a linguistic expression as opposed to its content; the material form, body of the sign; the designator, the unit of the plane of expression as opposed to designatum, the unit of the plane of content; linguistic means (phonetic, morphological, lexical, grammatical) in some conceptual content is enwrapped. – See Signifier; Signified
Form/structural/functional/semi-notional/syncategorematic words – serve to build up grammatical relationships between notional words in a grammatically correct structure.
Formative – same as affix (q.v.)
inner f. – derivational affix;
outer f. – functional affix.
Frame – 1) a unit of cognition, a type of concept (q.v.), a complex one involving a number of cognitive images connected by some essential relationship; a multicomponential concept or cognitive model representing a package of information, knowledge of a stereotyped situation. Formally a frame is represented as a two level structure of knots and relationships:
head knots which contain data always relevant to the given situation;
terminal knots or slots which are filled by the data form a concrete practical situation and are represented as subframes or enclosed frames.
E.g. the semantics of the verb buy represents a frame as it suggests of a complicated relationship between a buyer and a seller, including the product dealt on, and other matter involved (place, price, etc.); 2) synonymous to domain (q.v.), base, background – a conceptual area which serves as a general semantic substratum for priming the meaning of a certain word: e.g. the word bill will be primed within a frame 'buying'.
Free forms – a form is said to be free if it may stand alone without changing its meaning; if not, it is a bound form, so called because it is always bound to sth else (e.g. sport, sportive, elegant are free forms, while –ive, eleg-, -ant are bound forms, because they never occur alone).
Frequency – range of occurrence of a lexical unit, differentiated for spoken and written discourse; indicated in frequency dictionaries.
Functional affix – See Affix
Functional approach to meaning – See 'Textocentric' approach to meaning
Functional change – See Conversion
Functional style – vertical diversification of the vocabulary in correlation with the notion of functions of language. According to Acad. V.V.Vinogradov's classification of f.s. the main division lies between all kinds of informative language (publicistic style or genre) and imaginative language – the style (or genre) of fiction. The former relies on the function of message while the latter is based on the function of aesthetic impact.