Что такое технология?

What is technology?

Теоретическая часть

Данный лексический материал предназначен для того, чтобы студенты смогли составить высказывание о том, чем им придется заниматься, какова сущность слова “технология” и с какими составляющими им придется иметь дело в данной области.

modification модификация

artifact артефакт

natural природный

environment окружающая среда

agriculture сельское хозяйство

benefit польза

application применение

applied science прикладная наука

food science естественные науки, связанные с пищевой промышленностью

microbiology микробиология

food process engineering технология производства пищевых продуктов

bio-process био-процесс

engineering инженерия

integration объединение

viscosity вязкость, клейкость

heat температура, температурный

conductivity проводимость

to alter (из)менять(ся)

interaction взаимодействие

intricate сложный

ripening созревание

reaction реакция

Задания

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

What is technology?

Technology can be described as the modification of the natural environment (e.g. agriculture, water management, road building) and the making of materials (food, medicine, concrete) and artifacts (tools, clothing, houses) for the benefit of mankind. Most technologies were originally based on empiricism, whereas for present development application of scientific knowledge and methods is essential; this certainly applies to food technology. Often, technology is simply defined as “applied science”, but this was already refuted by Pasteur.

True as this observation is, it does not say enough about technology, and especially riot about food technology.

The study of food technology involves food science (physics, chemistry and microbiology of foods – as such, as well as during processing and storage) and food process engineering (including a considerable amount of bio-process engineering). Integration of various disciplines is needed in the study of almost every problem encountered. Such integration adds something to the mere application of sciences: the whole should be more than the sum of the parts. Moreover, innovative elements are often involved in the form of process design. Even more important is that knowledge of the system studied is essential. Process engineers tend to sciences.

Process engineers tend to merely consider material properties, i. e. physical properties like viscosity and heat conductivity of the maiccial being processed. Especially in food technology, this is generally insufficient. The process alters the system and the system often determines how the process will work out. Highly intricate interactions between process and system thus occur, the more so as the system is more intricate and as more process steps are involved. The ultimate example may be the manufacture and ripening of the cheese, understanding of which involves

a wide range of (sub) disciplines, and where scores of reactions and physical changes occur in the system; any change in the process may affect several other process steps and product properties.

Задание 2. Выпишите предложения в пассивном залоге и определите, в какой видовременной форме он употребляется.

Задание 3. Перестройте предложения из пассива в актив:

1. Technology can be described as the modification of the natural environment and the making of materials and artifacts for the benefit of mankind.

2. Most technologies were originally based on empiricism, whereas for present development application of scientific knowledge and methods is essential; this certainly applies to food technology.

3. Innovative elements are often involved in the form of process design.

4. The ultimate example may be the manufacture and ripening of the cheese, understanding of which involves a wide range of (sub) disciplines, and where scores of reactions and physical changes occur in the system; any change in the process may affect several other process steps and product properties.

Задание 4. Напишите короткий пересказ данного текста.

Задание 5. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих русских слов и выражений:

технология, описывать, видоизменение, окружающая среда, материалы, предметы обихода, польза, человечество, научные знания, относиться, прикладная наука, неясно, микробиология, хранение, включать, объединение, простое применение, кроме того, иметь тенденцию, противоречивый, материальные свойства, недостаточный, видоизменять, определять, таким обра-

зом, происходить, созревать, широкий диапазон, физические изменения, качество продуктов.

Вопросы к практическому занятию

1. Что такое пассивный и активный залог?

2. Как строятся предложения в пассивном и активном залогах?

3. Каковы особенности перевода предложений из пассива в актив?

4. Что такое технология?

Практическое занятие 13