1. Read and translate the text "Greek Temples."

2. Answer the following questions:

l.When did a monumental element appear in Greek art? 2. When did a small sanctuary start to evolve into the vast Greek temple? 3. Have old stone temples survived? 4. What structural elements did the Temple of the goddess Hera comprise? 5. Where did the Ionic order begin to evolve? 6. When and where was the Parthenon erected? 7. The Parthenon possesses a perfect harmony between an absolute simplicity and ornateness, doesn't it? 8. How did the Parthenon's designers obtain a visual perfection? 9. Why were the long horizontal steps curved upward in the lower area of the Parthenon? 10. What building material did the Greeks use for sculpture in the earliest periods? 11. What were the advantages of marble in comparison with limestone? 12. What did the decoration on the pediments of temples consist of? 13. What changes took place in the system of orders of the Hellenistic period? 14. The secular architecture of the Hellenistic period proved far more vital, didn't it? 15. What sections of the town were excavated in Pergamum?

Ш. Choose the right form of the verb from the brackets.

l.The Greeks ....to make use of stone ( begins, began, was begun). 2. Vast Greek temples ....during that period (evolves, were evolving, has evolved)3. The columns .... of enormous monoliths(7Hatffe , had been made, will make)A. These elements of columns ....volutes {called, are called, will call). 5. The structure ....on the site of the old temple (erected, is being erected, has erected).6. The designers .... a visual perfection ( obtains, is obtained, have obtained).

4. Memorize the following words and word combinations. Make up short sentences with these words:

1. sanctuary; wooden pillar; enormous monoliths; solemn character; volute; relief decoration; perfect harmony; classical design; sculptor, smooth surface; three- dimensional statue; secular architecture; royal palace; market.

2. to evolve; to replace; to express; to produce; to erect; to obtain; to lean inward; to slant forward; to enlarge; to excavate; to build.

3. monumental; wooden; monolithic; slender; ornamental; perfect; rigid; widespread; effective.

4. Put questions to the underlined words.

1. The designers used this style in the secular architecture. 2. The Greeks erected the temple at the top of the hill. 3. Attic sculptors created figures in motion because they were effective from all angles. 4. The Parthenon stands in ruins on a fortified hill. 5. The architects study classical Greek architecture.

4. Give a summary of the text "Greek Temples" in English.

Lesson 3

Text3 roman architecture

Many seeds derived from early Grecian and Etruscan designs had already been sown in Rome with the erection of temples such as Jupiter Capitolinus (509 B.C., reconstructed in the first century A.D.).

Both the Etruscan influence which led toward the use of round arches to secure vaulting and dome construction and Grecian influence are apparent in the Pantheon (originally built in 27 B.C. and modified in 120 A.D.).

The Romans proved highly inventive and while more concentrated with detail, they were also more experimental than the Greeks in their temple construction. Modifying and expanding earlier forms to suit their puipose the Romans often used nonsupporting columns for decorative effects, exposing them completely or partially

embedding them in wails. They also made extensive use of a wide range of coloured marble. They were builders, further developing methods of vaulting large areas with the round arch and dome as well as producing well-engineered bridges, aqueducts and roads. By the end of the fourth century B.C. Roman engineers had managed to construct extensive public utilities such as the paving of the Via Appia, the Appian aqueducts and the open drain for the valley between the hills of Rome, sections of which were supported by arches.

Vast spaciousness and splendour were evident in the bathhouses of Rome, and they usually contained libraries, lecture rooms, and stadiums in addition to facilities for hot or cold baths. Over nine hundred of these structures were erected before the decline of Rome in the fifth century A.D. At its height the Empire had fifty thousand miles of excellent roads serving as innumerable fingers of influence which carried Roman law and customs into the universe of the ancient distant provinces from England and France to Northern Africa and Asia Minor.

The: Romans had access to a wide range of building materials - terracotta, brick, stone and marble - but their most significant innovation in the art of building was the development of concrete -pozzolana - which was used extensively as the structural core of buildings. The Romans learnt how to combine materials to exploit the best qualities of each. For the Coliseum (A.D. 72-80), lava was used for the solid foundations, tufa and brick for the supporting walls and lightweight pumice stone in the vaults. The Coliseum is probably the most impressive building of the Roman Empire. Originally known as Flavian Amphitheater, it was the largest building of the era.The amphitheater is a vast ellipse reaching a height of more than 159 ft. (48 m), with tiers of seating for 50,000 spectators around a central elliptical arena. The Pantheon (A.D. 120-4) also demonstrates an interesting mix of materials. The dome is hemisphere, the inner surface of which is coffered in five ranges. The dome was constructed from brickwork with thick mortar laid in horizontal courses up to the fourth range of coffers and also around the central opening at the summit.

In A.D. 324, Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, creating the opportunity for a fusion between the styles of east and west, the result of which is now identified as Byzantine style. Building stone had to be imported, but clay was plentiful and the Romans introduced their technique of building permanent brick shuttering within which was cast a concrete core. The Eastern influence can be seen in the use of domes to cover polygonal and square plans. These domes were generally constructed from large flat bricks or similarly shaped blocks of pumice.

The significant development in the constructional system was in the use of pendentives which facilitated the building of domes. Arches were constructed projecting from the lines of the square plan, and the triangular void between the arches and the underside of the circular plan was filled with masonry, so making an elegant transition from a square plan to a circular plan. Rich mosaic designs and pictures flow from one surface to another emphasizing the sense of unity which a dome creates.

Santa Sophia (A.D. 532-537), Byzantine church built in Constantinople, demonstrates the power of the central domed space. Although the building is square in plan it is given a sense of direction by the use of (wo semi-domes to the east and west These are built against the arches which support the main dome so that one perceives an oval nave 225x107 ft. (69 x33m) which rises to 180 ft. (55m) at the centre of the main dome. The dome is constructed from large tile-shaped bricks, 2 inches (5 cm) thick, 27 inches (68cm) square in the lower portions and 24 inches (61 cm) square at the crown. Santa Sophia, built by Justinian, was the first square volume space to be capped by a dome.