I. Read and translate the text" Romanesque Architecture".

II. Answer the following questions:

l.When did Romanesque architecture spread in Europe? 2. What does the word "Romanesque" mean according to the Oxford English Dictionary? 3. What architectural style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture? 4. What are characteristic features of Romanesque architecture? 5. What were the most significant structures built during the Romanesque period? 6. What role did the Cluniac order play in the construction of monasteries? 7. What were the main load- bearing structural members in Romanesque buildings? 8. What is an arcade? 9. What were the functions of an arcade? 10. What were semicircular arches used for? 11. What can you tell about the walls of Romanesque buildings? 12. What do you know about structural characteristics of groin vaults? 13. What types of columns are a feature of Romanesque cloisters? 14. What is the planning solution of the interior at

the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta? 15. What styles does the exterior of the baptistery represent?

Ш. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the text:

mouldings; nave; piers; ecclesiastical; west front; were employed.

1. Thick walls were used in both .... and secular buildings.

2. In Romanesque structures .... are load-bearing structural members.

3. The arcade separated the from the aisles.

4. Piers built of masonry .... to support arches.

5. The focus of sculptural ornament was on the .... and the portals.

6. Chevrons and other geometric ornaments are found on the .... of the central door.

IV. Put questions to the underlined words:

l.The Romanesque period produced a profusion of sculptural ornamentation. 2. The architect designed the church in the Romanesque style. 3. The lower levels include an open gallery. 4. An immense statue represents San Giovanni Battista. 5. The builders have found some frescos on the walls of the church. 6. Massive columns will support heavy vaults of the castle.

V. Find the English equivalents for :

боковий неф; трансепт; циліндричне склепіння; хрестове склепіння; аркада; пілястр; напівкругла арка; стовп; неф;вежа; церква; кафедральний собор; монастир; масивна споруда; планування (споруди); міцність; проектувати; відрізнятися.

VI. Retell about the design and construction of the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta and the baptistery as close to the text as possible.

VII. Give a summary of the text "Romanesque Architecture". Use the following words and word combinations:

abbey church; mpnasteiy; castle; design; layout; load-bearing members; pier; semicircular arch; thick wall; groin vault; symmetrical plan; small opening ; double

shell; row of arches; arcade; to support; to design; to use; to differ; to employ; sculptural ornamentation.

Lesson 5

Text 5 gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Historians argue over whether the French or the British were first to erect a true Gothic structure. In France, Abbot Suger decided to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis attached to the Abbey of Saint-Denis which was also a royal residence in the 12^th century. The new structure of St. Denis Church was completed and inaugurated in 1144 in the presence of the King. It is often cited as the first building in the Gothic style. In Britain, Durham Cathedral which is strictly Romanesque showing some Gothic characteristics was begun in 1093. France and England developed similar but not identical traditions of constniction. The lofty cathedrals of northern France and the longer lower cathedrals of England together constitute a parallel development in Gothic building.

During the period of its development and nourishment Gothic architecture was known as "The French style". The term "Gothic" first appeared during the late part of the Renaissance. Gothic architecture is most familial^- as the architecture of great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls and universities. Many large cathedrals and churches are considered priceless works of art. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is mainly a study of cathedrals and churches.

The main shift from Romanesque architecture based on a solid stone vault > to the lighter, elevated Gothic style based on both the Romanesque and Islamic

use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault coincided with widespread rebuilding of many old Romanesque cathedrals which had been destroyed by fire. The Gothic style applied to ecclesiastical buildings emphasizes vertical movement and lightness. This appearance was achieved by the development of certain architectural features which provided an engineering solution.

By the 12^th century architects had realized the advantages of the groined vault in comparison with the barrel vault and started to add ribs which were used to support the weight of the vault. A diagonally reinforced arch resting on thin pillars allows the vaults to extend higher. Such light skeleton constructions employing cross ribbed vaults and thin bearing elements (interior columns, exterior flying buttresses) replaced the massiveness of Romanesque vaults.

A characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its height both ab solute and in the proportion to its width. In the exterior the vertical principle is emphasized by towers, spires, projecting vertical buttresses, narrow half-columns, long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture. The fa?ade of a large church or cathedral often referred as the West Front is generally designed to create a powerful impression and demonstrate the might of God. One of the best known and most typical of such fa?ades. is that of Notre Dame de Paris. Above the main portal there is generally a large window like that at York Minster, or a group of windows such as those at Ripon Cathedral. In France there is generally a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral. Rose windows are also often found in the facades of churches of Spain and Italy. Through the Gothic period due to the versatility of the pointed arch the structure of windows developed from simple openings to rich and decorative sculptural designs. The stained-glass windows flooded the cathedral with tinted light providing luminous richness to the interior.

Most Gothic churches have the Latin cross ("cruciform") plan with a long nave making the body of the church, a transverse aim called the transept and beyond it an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery. There are several regional variations of this plan. The nave is generally flanked on

either slide by aisles, usually single but sometimes double. The nave is generally taller than the aisles having clerestory windows which light the central space.

Many churches were very richly decorated both inside and outside. The church exterior was characterized by wealth of sculpture that became much realistic as the Middle Ages progressed. Statues, sculptural decoration, tracery, pinnacles and gargoyles became a common feature. The decorative schemes usually incorporated Biblical stories. Wooden ceilings and panelling were usually brightly coloured. Sometimes the stone columns of the nave were painted and the panels in decorative wall arcading, contained narratives and figures of saints.

As ancient Greek temples, Gothic cathedrals were continuously refined over a period of time- in this case, 500 years. A series of Gothic revivals began in mid - 18 century England, spread through 19^th century Europe and continued mainly for ecclesiastical and university structures in the 20^а* century. Vocabulary Notes:

medieval period – середньовіччя lightness -легкість

pointed arch - гострокінцева арка skeleton construction- каркасна конструкція

ribbed vault - готичне склепіння bearing element- несучий;опорний елемент

rib - ребро (буд.) height - висота

buttress - контрфорс (буд..) width - ширина

flying buttress - аркбутан (архіт.), spire-шпиль

арочний контрфорс moulding -ліпне оздоблення ((архіт.) flourishment -процвітання tracery - ажурне муровання (архіт.)

flourish - процвітати pinnacle - гостра вежка

vertical movement - вертикальний рух ceiling - 1.стеля; 2. перекриття

narrative - сюжетно-тематична картина

EXERCISES