IV. Translate the following sentences payng attention to the absolute participle constructions:

l.The earth may be considered an oblate spheroid, the shorter axis being the axis of rotation. 2. Any plane parallel to the equator cuts the surface of the earth in a circle, all points on this circle having the same latitude. 3. The figure of the earth has been defined by various empirical equations, the constants of which being based on observations. 4. The number of observations increasing, the accuracy of the map is improved. 5. The latitude and the longitude being known, the island could be marked on the map.

V. Analyse the s-p-o structure of the sentence:

The geometrical figures defined by these equations cannot exactly represent the shape of the earth because of the asymmetrical distribution of the water and land masses.

VL Define the functions of the participle constructions and translate the following sentences:

l.The linear distance corresponding to a diference of one degree of latitude would be the same everywhere upon the surface of a sphere.2. The work of our surveying party was interrupted because a radiogram was received informing us about a heavy storm approaching the region of our exploration. 3. Having corrected the triangles, we began calculations, 4. When plotting from the astronomic positions, distant hills arc a great help in a survey.

VII. Comprehension questions:

l.How may the figure of the earth be represented? 2. Is the accuracy of observations improved? 3. What is needed to define the position of a point on the earth's surface? 4. When arc angular coordinates used? 5. What is the latitude? 6. What arc parallels of latitude? 7. How is the latitude measured? 8. What is a meridian? 9. What is the longitude? 10. Where is a standard meridian

plane¹.¹

'

VIII. Give a one-sentence definition of elevation.

IX. Annotate the third paragraph.

X. Speak about:

a) a figure of the earth,

b) latitude.

c) longitude.

Text 7. Surveying and drafting instruments

/. Read and memorize the following words:

aid (v) - допомагати

attach - прикріпляти, приєднувати

bubble - бульбашка

cast — виливати, лити

chiefly - головний чином

draft (v) - креслити

estimate (v) - оцінювати

etching - травлення на металі

extend - розтягати

extensible - розтяжний

extension - розтягування

face (n) - поверхня

fasten - прикріплювати

fit (v) - обладнати

graduate (v) - градуювати

graduation - градуювання,калібровка

lessen - зменшувати

level (n)(v) - нівелір, нівелювати

levelman - нівелювальник

mark (v) - позначати

mend - лагодити, ремонтувати

mount (v) -встановлювати

paint (v) - фарбувати

permanently - постійно

pull (n) - тяга, натягування

read (v) - показувати, знімати

rest (v) - базуватися, спиратися

rigidly - жорстко

rivet (n,v) - заклепка,клепати

rod - рейка

rodman - реєчник

section - секція

self-reading - самозчитуючий

serve (v) - служити

stand (v) — вистояти, витрмати

support (n) - підставка

swing (v) — розкачуватись

take out - виймати

target - повзунок

telescope - труба теодоліту

the former - попередній

the latter - останній

thermometer - термометр

thick- товстий

throughout - всюди, скрізь

vernier - вернієр

//. Expressions for the text comprehension:

brass rivet - латунна заклепка

broken tape - зломана стрічка, рулетка

definite height - певна висота

dumpy-level - глухий нівелір

horizontal bar - горизонтальний стрижень,

полоса

levelling screw - підйомний гвинт liability of kinking - схильність до перекручення, згину line of sight - лінія візування

movable target - пересувний повзунок

notched sleeves - рукава з бороздками

rougher usage - грубіше використання

spirit level - спиртовий рівень

spring balance - динамометр

steel ribbon - стальна стрічка

steel tape - стальна стрічка, рулетка

temperature correction - корегування

температури

Y-level - нівелір з трубою, що Y-shaped support - У - подібна підставка

перекладається

Grammar Focus

*-...Steel tapes fitted with a thermometer ... are used in city surveying.

Past Participle (Participle 11) (дієприкметник минулого часу)

У стандартних дієслів утворюється за допомогою закінчення - ed, у нестандартних дієслів іншими шляхами: чергуванням голосної , приголосної основи та інш. Дієприкметник минулого часу в реченні може бути:

1) означенням (перед іменником або після нього в складі дієприкметникового звороту): the graduated tape - градуйована стрічка.

Перекладається дієприкметником чи прикметником.

A self-reading rod has graduations painted on its face. - Самозчитуюча рейка має

градуювання, що нанесені фарбою на її поверхні.

Часто перекладається підрядним означальним реченням.

2) частиною присудка (в пасивному стані або в доконаних часах):

Most rods are made of two or more sections. - Більшість рейок зроблені з двох або більше секцій.

3) обставиною (часто з сполучниками when, while):

When asked whether he intended to return soon he replied that he would be away for 3 months. -

Коли його запитали, чи він має намір швидко повернутись, він відповів, що його не буде З

місяці.

Steel tapes fitted with a thermometer ... are used in city surveying. - Стальні стрічки,

обладнані термометром, використовуються в міських зйомках.

Surveying and drafting instruments

Tapes. Steel tapes are commonly 25, 50, 75, 100, 200. 300 or 500 ft. long to 100 ft.. They are usually thin steel ribbons, the longer tapes being thicker and narrower to lessen liability of kinking and to stand rougher usage. The lighter tapes are graduated throughout in feet, tenths and hundredths, the heavier ones are usually marked by notched sleeves, etchings or brass rivets at every 1-, 5-, 10-, or 20-ft. point with the last foot on each end divided into tenths or hundredths. When 5, 10 or 20-ft. points alone are marked the last 5, 10, or 20-ft is usually graduated at every foot.

Steel tapes fitted with a thermometer for temperature corrections and with a spring balance for measuring the amount of pull are used chiefly in city surveying. Broken tapes can be mended by riveting on the back of a tape a piece of the old tape of the same width.

Pocket steel tapes from 3 ft. up are for accurate measuring when long tapes, marked only at the 5, 10, or 20-ft. points are used.

Levelling rods. Levelling rods arc of two types, target and self-reading; the former is read by a rodman, the latter by a levelmen. The commonest forms of target rods are the Boston, the New York and the Philadelphia; the Philadelphia can be used also as a self-reading rod. Most rods are made of two or more sections, so that they may be extended. The target of the Boston rod is permanently fastened to one strip of the rod. The other target rods are always used right-side up and have movable targets. The New York rod has a vernier for reading to a thousandth of a foot; most Philadelphia rods have a scale resembling a vernier, which gives the hundredths and makes

it easy to estimate thousandths, thus serving every purpose of a vernier. All these rods are usually 6 or 7.5 ft. long and are extensible for readings up to 11 or 13 ft. They are also made 3 ft. long, with extension to 5 ft. and 5 ft. long with extension to 9 ft. for use underground.

A self-reading rod has graduations (usually every tenth of a foot) painted on its face, so that it can be read through a telescope by the levelman. The figures on the face of the rod are usually of a definite height (0.06 or 0.08 ft.) and of a thickness of 0.01 or 0.02 ft., thus aiding the levelman to estimate hundredths of a foot or even closer.

Engineer's level is a telescope to which a delicate spirit level is attached parallel to the line of sight, so that when the bubble is in the centre, the line of sight is horizontal. The two common types are the Y- and dumpy-levels. In both the telescope is mounted on a vertical axis about which the telescope can swing horizontally and is levelled by 4 levelling screws.

The Y-level has its spirit level attached to the telescope which rests in two Y-shaped supports fastened to a horizontal bar rigidly connected to a vertical axis.The telescope can be taken out of the Ys, turned end for end.

The dumpy-level has its vertical axis, a horizontal bar and supports lor the telescope all cast in one piece to which a spirit level is attached. The dumpy-level will stand much rougher use than Y-!evel.

Exercises

7. Wordbuilding:

a) give derivatives of:

to move, to extend, to use, to graduate, to survey, to equip

b) what are the following words composed of:

a levelman, a rodman, self-reading, underground

c) find suffixes of:

commonest, movable, permanently, thousandth, usually, extensible graduation, thickness, correction

d) form adverbs from adjectives:

common, usual, chief, large, exact, accurate, local

II.Read the following technical abbreviations and fractions:

Ft., Fig., In., 0.1, 0.01, 0.05, 2.06,1/2, 2/3.1 1/2. 4/5. %

III. Find participles II in the text and define their functions.

IV. Write out of the text word-combinations of three components and translate them.

V.Find the missing word from the text:

1. The New York rod has a.....for reading. 2. Steel tapes are chiefly used in.....

3. The telescope is mounted on.....

VI. Construct the sentence to illustrate the difference between the dumpy-level and Y-level.

VII. Say what advantages of magnetic observatories arc.