1. Comprehension questions:

l.With what print shall we start photo interpretation?

2. What does photo interpretation consist of?

3. When is the tone of the image darker?

4. What is important for studying relief?

5.What is characteristic for natural features on photoes?

2. Describe applications of a reading glass.

3. Give a short summary of the text.

UNIT 4

Text B. The globe grid I.Read aloud amd memorize the following words:

agree upon - домовитись distort - спотворювати, викривляти

cartographer - картограф draw - малювати

contain - вміщувати geographer - географ

converge - сходитись look for - шукати

decrease(v) - зменшувати/сь/ near (v) - наближатись

depict -зображати projection - проекція

property - властивість retain - зберігати, пам'ятати

II. Expressions for the text comprehension:

equal length - рівна довжина

extent of variance - ступінь Bapiauj'iglobe

grid - світова мережа, (сітка)

grid relationships - відношення мережи

grid system - система сіток

key reference point - ключова точка

відліку

line of reference - лінія початку відліку

map grid - сітка карти

map maker - виготовлювач карт,

картограф

The globe grid

Maps are geographers' primary tools of spatial analysis. All spatial analysis starts with locations, and all locations are related to the global grid of latitude and longitude. Since these lines of reference are drawn upon the spherical earth, their projection onto a map distorts their grid relationships. The extent of variance between the globe grid and a map grid helps tell us the kind and degree of distortion the map will contain.

The key reference points in the arid system are the north and south poles and the equator, which are given in nature, and the prime meridian.which is agreed upon by cartographers. Because a circle contains 360 degrees, the distance between the poles is 180 degrees and between the equator and each pole, 90 degrees. Latitude measures distance north and south of the equator (0°), and parallels of latitude run due east-west. Longitude is the angular distance east or west of the prime meridian and is depicted by north-south lines (called meridians) that converge at the poles. The properties of the globe grid the mapmaker tries to retain and the map user should look for are as follows:

1. All meridians are of equal length, each is one half the length of the equator.

2. All meridians converge at the poles and are true north-south lines.

3. All lines of latitude (parallels) are parallel to the equator and to each other.

4. Parallels decrease in length as one nears the polee.

5. Meridians and parallels intersect at right angles.

6. The scale on the surface of the globe is everywhere the same in every direction.

Assignments

I. Comprehension questions:

1 .What docs the spatial analysis start with? 2. Why does a map distort grid relationships? 3. What are the key reference points in the grid system? 4. What is the distance between the poles? 5. What is the distance between the pole and the equator? 6. Where do meridians converge? 7. Where do parallels decrease?

2. Find a sentence describing the intersection of meridian and parallels.

map user - споживач карт

north-south line - лінія північ- південь

primary tool - головний інструмент

prime meridian- головний, початковий,

основний меридіан

right angle - прямий кут

spatial analysis - аналіз простору

spherical earth - земля у формі сфери,

сфероїд

3. Give a short summary of the text.

UNIT 5

Text В. Secular variations of geomagnetic field

/. Read aloud and memorize the following words:

allow - дозволяти, робити можливий,

допускати

core - ядро

datum - data - дане, дані

determine - визначати

distinctly - чітко, ясно

distinguished - відмінний

embrace (v) - охоплювати

focus - центр

geodynamic - геодинамічний

investigate - розслідувати

ionosphere - іоносфера

lithosphere - літосфера

magnetosphere - магнітосфера

period - період

physico-chemical - фізично-хімічний

reflect - відображати

regional - регіональний

seismoprognostic - сейсмопрогнозний

so-called - так званий

territory - територія

variability - мінливість, непостійність

//. Expressions for the text comprehension

as a rule - як правило

complicated spectrum - складний спектр

different depths - різні глибини

different sources - різні джерела

earth's crust - земна кора

existing chain - існуючий ланцюг

geodynamic processes - геодинамічні

процеси

geodynamic variations - геодинамічні

зміни

geomagnetic field - геомагнітне поле

global peculiarities - глобальні особливості

in general - взагалі

local anomalies - місцеві аномалії

local component - місцевий компонент.

складова

local effects - місцеві впливи

magnetic observatory - магнітна

обсерваторія

physico-chemical phenomena - фізико-

хімічні явища

secular variation - вікова зміна

spatial structure - просторова структура

surface layer- поверхневий шар

tectomagnetic effects - тектомагнітні

впливи

testing ground - полігон

upper mantle - земна мантія

wide range - широкий діапазон

Secular variations of geomagnetic field

Variability of geomagnetic field in time and in a wide range of periods - from minutes to hundreds and thousands of years reflects a complicated spectrum of physico-chemical phenomena in the core, lithosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere of the earth, to investigate modern geodynamic processes at different depths, from the surface layers of the earth's crust to the core of the earth, data on geomagnetic variations with the periods over 1 year, the so-called secular variations (SV), are widely used. In general, geomagnetic field variations can be considered as a vector sum of the fields from different sources. In the spatial structure of secular variations of geomagnetic field there are distinctly distinguished global, regional and local components. Global peculiarities or focuses of SV embrace areas of thousands of kilometers and have their sources in the earth's core. Regional and local effects are determined by modern physico-chemical, geodynamic and electromagnetic phenomena in the earth's crust and upper mantle.

The existing chain of magnetic observatories on the territory of Europe allows to study in details the global and regional effects in SV. The local anomalies of SV or the so-called tectomagnetic effects ere studied, as a rule, in geodynamic and seismoprognostic testing grounds.

Assignments

l.Comprehension questions:

l.How does geomagnetic field vary? 2. What are secular variations? 3. At what depths are geodynamic processes studied? 4. What is distinguished in the spatial structure of secular variations? 5. Where are local anomalies of SV studied? 6.What territory do SV embrace?

2. Speak on sources of geomagnetic variations.