Active Vocabulary

deterrence n	[di`terǝns]	засіб стримування; запобігання (профілактика)
incapacitation n	[`inkǝ`pæsi`teiʃn]	обмеження право-, дієздатності; обмеження можливості рецидиву вчинення злочину шляхом позбавлення волі
retribu­tion n	[`retri`bju:ʃ(ǝ)n]	відплата; кара
rehabilita­tion n	[`ri:ǝ`bili`teiʃn]	відновлення у правах, реабілітація; виправлення; перевиховання (злочинця)
restitution n	[`resti`tju:ʃn; US –`tu:]	відновлення початкового стану; відшкодування(збитків), повернення (втраченого)
probation n	[prǝ`beiʃn]	умовне засудження, пробація; умовне звільнення (від покарання); стажування
length of sentence	[leŋθ]	строк покарання
the condition for release	[kǝn’diʃn] [ri`li:s]	умова для звільнення
to fit the sentence		відповідати мірі покарання
sentencing disparity n	[dis`pærǝti]	невідповідність / індивідуалізація при призначенні покарань
long prison sentence		довгострокове ув’язнення
to convince v	[kən´vins]	переконати, переконувати
to eliminate the risk of sth	[i`limineit]	усунути ризик (чогось)
life imprisonment	[im´priznmənt]	довічне ув’язнення
desert(s) n	[di`zə:t]	1.заслуга; 2.те, на що людина заслуговує (мн.); покарання
to receive one`s just deserts	[ri`si:v ʤʌst]	отримати покарання відповідно до вчиненого, «отримати по заслугах» (по злочину й кара)
equity n	[`ekwǝti]	справедливість; право справедливості
to readjust to society	[`riǝ`ʤʌst sǝ`saiǝti]	адаптуватися до життя у суспільстві
to implement v	[`implimǝnt]	вводити в дію; виконувати; втілювати; реалізовувати; проводити (реформи)
probationary sentence	[prǝ`beiʃnǝri]	умовний вирок
to be eligible for (sth)	[`elid3ǝbl]	мати право за законом
to remand	[ri`ma:nd]	повертати під варту; знову брати під варту
correctional treatment	[kǝ`rekʃnl `tri:tmǝnt]	виправний вплив; перевиховання
concurrent sentence	[kǝn`kʌrǝnt]	паралельний вирок
consecutive sentence	[kǝn`sekjutiv]	послідовний вирок
cumulative sentence	[`kju:mjulǝtiv; US -leitiv]	вирок за сукупністю злочинів; сукупність вироків
deferred sentence	[di`fǝ:d `sentǝns]	відстрочене виконання вироку (на пізніший термін)
determinate sentence	[di`tǝ:minǝt]	вирок із визначеним строком ув’язнення (фіксований вирок)
indeterminate sentence	[`indi`tǝ:minǝt]	вирок про позбавлення волі на строк, що залежить від поведінки засудженого (нефіксований вирок)
life sentence	[laif `sentǝns]	довічний вирок
mandatory sentence	[`mændǝtǝri]	обов’язкове призначення покарання за законом; остаточний вирок
maximum sentence	[`mæksimǝm]	вирок з максимальним строком покарання
minimum sentence	[`minimǝn]	вирок з мінімальним строком покарання
presumptive sentence	[pri`zʌmptiv]	презумптивний вирок
suspended sentence	[sǝs`pendid]	умовний вирок, умовне засудження

Task 1.16. Study figure 1 and describe the factors influencing sentencing decisions.

Task 1.17. Match the legal terms on the left with their definitions on the right:

1. retribution	a. difference or inequality in punishment
2. restitution	b. infliction of punishment by death
3. incapacitation	c. liberation after completion of a sentence
4. rehabilitation	d. a sentence, an alternative to incarceration
5. deterrence	e. deserved punishment
6. execution	f. repeatedly committing criminal activities
7. release	g. readjustment as a result of treatment and correction
8. probation	h. keeping criminals in confinement to deter the future criminal behaviour
9. recidivism	i. act of preventing crime before it occurs by means of the threat of criminal sanctions
10. sentencing disparity	j. a direct payment as a form of compensation to a vic­tim or society

Task 1.18. Read the passage about sentencing strategies and match the definitions to the types of sentences imposed by the court:

When a person is sentenced a number of factors come into play. Not all people are sentenced equally; some may be granted probation while others are incarcerated for the same type of crime. The philosophy when the courts seek to fit the sentence to the individual and not to the crime, often results in sentencing disparity. The latter has prompted creation of different types of sentencing models aimed at bringing uniformity to the sentencing process.

1. concurrent sentence	a. a fixed term of incarceration, such as three years' imprisonment
2. consecutive sentence	b. a term of incarceration with a stated minimum and maximum length that allows individualized sentences and pro­vide for sentencing flexibility; for example, a sentence to prison for a period of from three to ten years
3. deferred sentence	c. outer limit of a punishment, beyond which the convicted may not be held in custody
4. determinate (straight/ flat) sentence	d. minimum punishment or minimum time the convicted must spend in prison before becoming eligible for parole or release
5. indeterminate sentence	e. prison sentences for two or more criminal acts that are served one after the other, or follow one another
6. life sentence	f. a term when its execution is suspended until some later time
7. mandatory sentence	g. prison sentences for two or more criminal acts that are served at the same time, or run together
8. maximum sentence	h. a term when the convicted spends the rest of his / her life in prison
9. minimum sentence	i. sentencing structures that provide an average sentence that should be served along with the option of extending or decreasing punishments because of aggravating or mitigating circumstances
10. presumptive sentence	j. a prison term that is delayed while the defendant undergoes a period of community treatment. If the treatment is successful, the prison sentence is terminated
11. suspended sentence	k. a statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be set and carried out in all cases on conviction for a specified offence

Task 1.19. Match the types of sentences with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. concurrent sentence	a. послідовний вирок
2. consecutive sentence	b. паралельний вирок
3. deferred sentence	c. умовний вирок, умовне засудження
4. determinate (straight / flat) sentence	d. презумптивний вирок
5. indeterminate sentence	e. вирок з максимальним строком покарання
6. life sentence	f. вирок із визначеним строком ув’язнення (фіксований вирок)
7. mandatory sentence	g. вирок з мінімальним строком покарання
8. maximum sentence	h. обов’язкове призначення покарання за законом; остаточний вирок
9. minimum sentence	i. вирок про позбавлення волі на строк, що залежить від поведінки засудженого (нефіксований вирок)
10. presumptive sentence	j. відстрочене виконання вироку (на пізніший термін)
11. suspended sentence	k. довічний вирок

Task 1.20. Complete the following sentences by translating the words in brackets:

1. If jury finds the accused guilty, the judge will (постановляти вирок).

2. The most common sentences are: (штрафи, тюремне ув’язнення, умовний вирок).

3. The punishment should (відповідати) the crime.

4. Those who live by committing (злочин) must expect violence to be turned upon themselves.

5. Because it was his first (правопорушення) the punishment wasn't too (суворе).

6. The violence rate in the USA has increased at the same time judges are employing (вироки, що встановлюють суворі та тривалі покарання).

7. (Oбмеження можливості рецидиву вчинення злочину шляхом позбавлення волі) is justified because inmates will not be able to repeat acts while they are under state control.

8. Pursuing (загальна профілактика) reflects faith in the impact of punishment on social behaviour.

9. If the соnvicted offender is given a (паралельний вирок), the sentence is completed after the longest term has been served.

10. In most instances, sentences are served concurrently, and (послідовні вироки) are reserved for the most serious chronic offenders.

11. The important objectives of (презумптивний вирок) are to reduce (невідповідність при призначенні покарань) and to impose a sentence that the offender is required to serve.

12. One of the most common forms of (фіксований вирок) is presumptive sentencing.

13. There are some factors which influence on the (призначення покарання), for instance, prior record, different forms of extreme behaviour as well as race, gender, social status etc.

14. Today, the most severe sentence used in the USA is (смертна кара), or execution; most of these executions were for (вбивство) and (зґвалтування); about 41% of the inmates on death row are African-American.

15. (Умовне засудження) is a sentence, an alternative to incarceration, which involves the conditional release of a con­victed offender into the community (під наглядом) of the court (in the form of a probation officer).

Task 1.21. Answer the questions using the text and your own knowledge:

1. What is the sentencing in today's criminal justice sys­tem based on?

2. What are the most traditional sentences?

3. How can the objectives of criminal sentencing be grouped in Western culture?

4. What is the role of the legislature, a judge and the correctional agency in the sentencing process?

5. What is the aim of general deterrence?

6. What does incapacitation policy mean?

7. What does retribution mean?

8. What is the aim of rehabilitation?

9. What policy of criminal sentencing does the public sup­port?

10. What are the types of incarceration sentences? Name them.

Task 1.22 A. Study the information on sentencing practices around the United States presented by the US federal government's Bureau of Justice Statistics:

What kind of sentence can a criminal defendant expect if found guilty as charged? To answer this question, the federal government's Bureau of Justice Statistics has conducted a number of national surveys.

As Table 1 indicates (see below), people who commit the most serious crimes have strong possibility of receiving an incarceration sentence. However, a surprising number of convicted felons receive a sentence of probation or community supervision only: 5 percent of convicted murderers, 14 percent rapists, 25 percent of burglars, and 36 percent of those convicted on drug posses­sion charges did not receive incarceration.

The results of surveys also indicate that the national average sentence for typical felony offences to a state prison is about six years. As might be expected, offenders committing the most serious crimes – rape, murder, and robbery – received the longest maximum sentences. The average sentence for murder is about twenty years; for rape – thirteen; for robbery – ten. However, inmates сould expect to serve less than half their given sentence behind bars, most being granted early release via parole, time off for good behavior or a combination of both.

Table 1.

	crime	% incarceration	%probation only
1	murder	95	5
2	rape	86	14
3	robbery	90	10
4	aggravated assault	72	28
5	drug possession	64	36
6	drug trafficking	77	23
7	burglary	75	25
8	larceny	64	36
9	car theft	64	36
10	fraud	46	54
11	forgery	59	41

Task 1.22 B. Find the proper information about the situation in Ukraine and comment on the most controversial issues of both these systems.