5 Прочитайте та вивчіть терміни (усно)

Assembly language - a low-level computer language that uses mnemonics rather than only numbers, making it easier than machine code for humans to read and write;

HTML - a computer language that uses a system of tags for creating web pages

Script - a small program written in a scripting language that is used to perform a simple function or to tie other programs together;

Scripting language - a simple computer language used for writing scripts that control computer applications;

Low-level language - a computer language that is closer to the form that a computer understands than to that of human;

Portable language - a language that can be easily converted for use on a number of different operating systems;

Systems programming - the writing of systems programs

Тема 24 Програмування – Part 9

1 Прочитайте та перекладіть текст. (усно) Напишіть до нього шість запитань (письмово)

PROGRAMMING: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Programming is the process of writing a program using a computer language. A program is a set of instructions which a computer uses to do a specific task (e.g. a solution to a Maths problem).

The only language a PC can directly execute is machine code, which consists of 1s and 0s. This language is difficult to write, so we use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. For example, assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions. The program is then translated into machine code by software called an assembler.

Machine code and assembly languages are called low-level languages because they are closer to the hardware.

High-level languages, however, are closer to human languages; they use forms resembling English, which makes programming easier. The program is translated into machine code by software called a compiler. Some examples are:

FORTRAN - used for scientific and mathematical applications;

COBOL - popular for business applications;

BASIC - used as a teaching language; Visual BASIC is now used to create Windows applications;

C - used to write system software, graphics and commercial programs;

Java - designed to run on the Web; Java applets are small programs that run automatically on web pages and let you watch animated characters, and play music and games;

The languages used to create Web documents are called markup languages; they use instructions (markups) to format and link text files. Examples are: HTML - the code used to create Web pages; VoiceXML - it makes Internet content accessible via speech recognition and phone. Instead of using a web browser on a PC, you use a telephone to access voice-equipped websites. You just dial the phone number of the website and then give spoken instructions, commands, and get the required information.

STEPS IN WRITING A PROGRAM

To write a program, software developers usually follow these steps. First they try to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program. They design a flowchart, a diagram which shows the successive logical steps of the program.

Next they write the instructions in a high-level language (Pascal, C, etc.). This is called coding. The program is then compiled. When the program is written, they test it: they run the program to see if it works and use special tools to detect bugs, or errors. Any errors are corrected until it runs smoothly. This is called debugging, or bug fixing.

Finally, software companies write a detailed description of how the program works, called program documentation. They also have a maintenance program. They get reports from users about any errors found in the program. After it has been improved, it is published as an updated version.

2 З’єднайте терміни та їхні визначення (письмово)

1. programming a. basic language which consists of binary codes

2. machine code b. programming language such as C, Java or Visual BASIC

3. assembly language c. writing computer programs

4. high-level language d. low-level language translated into machine code by an assembler

5. Java applet e. software which converts a source program into machine code

6. compiler f. language used to create and format documents for the Web

7. markup language g. small self-contained program written in Java

3 Доповніть речення відповідними словами із списку (письмово)

Active words: HTML; dial; VoiceXML; commands; speech recognition;

INTERNET: VOICE RECOGNITION TAKES OFF

You don't need a sophisticated cell phone to surf the Internet when you're on the road - just your own voice. That's the idea behind a new breed of voice service that is popping up all over the place.

Subscribers (1) …… a toll-free phone number and use spoken (2) …… to listen to anything from weather conditions to stock quotes, or flight information to news stories. Half a dozen of these services - such as Audiopoint, BeVocal, TellMe and TelSurf Networks - have already gone live or are testing their systems.

These launches are all happening because two crucial technologies have come of age. (3) …… …… software from companies such as Lucent, Nuance and Speechworks can now understand a wide range of accents and diction without having to be trained to a specific voice. And computer languages such as VoiceXML make it as easy to write voice services as (4) …… has made it to write web pages. With (5) …… , the human voice becomes a substitute for a computer mouse and the spoken command for a click. It doesn't, however, call up conventional web pages, but content which is specially composed for a telephone: sound clips, numbers, music, spoken texts.

4 Прочитайте та вивчіть правила (усно)

Describing technical processes

When describing a technical process, we often use the present simple passive (is digitized / are converted / is set up) to explain how something is made or used. The agent is not as important as the process. Compare these sentences:

Active: 1) Someone sets up a session. 2) The ATA receives packets.

Passive: 1) A session is set up. 2) Packets are received by the ATA.

The passive is often used to describe areas of computing. Look at these examples:

Input, process, output: The data is fed into the computer system. Instructions are processed by the CPU. The results are displayed on the monitor.

Storage: Today a lot of information is held, kept, on optical discs. The data in the hard disk should be defragmented, rearranged, so it can be accessed more quickly.

Computer components and configuration: Your computer system may need to be upgraded, improved, by adding devices or updating software. The icons and taskbar can be customized, configured, to cater for your needs.

Internet: Messages are posted, sent, to a newsgroup where they are threaded, grouped, by subject. Files can be uploaded, transmitted, to another computer by using FTP, File Transfer Protocol.

Sequencing a process: The use of time and sequence connectors means we can show the different stages of a process:

Typical connectors	Examples
First... Then / Next... Finally ...	First the computer is switched on. Then the OS is booted. Finally the application is run.
As …	As the laser printer drum rolls, the toner gets stuck to it and reproduces the original image.
After / Once ...	After you have had a program for a while, it may have to be updated. Once a CD-R has been written to, you can't alter the data.
Before ...	Before you can recover the files that have been deleted, you must unformat the hard disk.

5 Прочитайте та перекладіть текст. (письмово) Зверніть увагу на використання Present Simple Passive для Describing technical processes

A technical process: how VoIP works

With VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol, your voice is digitized and then broken into small data packets. To make a phone call, an analogue telephone must be hooked up, linked, to an ATA, an analogue telephone adaptor. When you pick up the receiver and dial a number, the tones are converted by the ATA to digital data and temporarily stored. When your friend picks up the phone, a session is set up, established, between both computers. During the conversation the systems transmit packets of data that are sent back and forth through your VoIP company's call processor. They are received by the ATA and converted to the analogue audio signal that you hear. When you hang up, a signal is sent by the ATA to finish the session. VoIP calls can also be delivered via an IP telephone with an Internet connection.

6 Заповніть пропуски, використовуючи інформацію із вправ 4 та 5. (письмово)

1. In order for your voice to travel over the Net as email does, it must be … from an analogue to a digital signal, i.e. it must be … , and then broken into small envelopes of data called Internet Protocol packets. Voice communication that is … in this way is what's known as Voice over IP. 2. The Pocket Weather Tracker, which is the size of a mobile phone, measures temperature, humidity and barometric pressure. The results are … on an easy-to-read LCD screen. 3. One football coach who uses high-tech training methods says: 'We have 11 cameras strategically positioned on the stands and they film an entire match. Then the recording is … into a main computer and 24 hours later we have a CD-ROM disc which presents everything in a tactics board format.'