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1. Psychology is concerned with a wide area of interest.

2. In the late 1920s experimental psychologists were more likely to work in the area of learning or habit than in the introspection of sensations.

3. One area of study in which recent advances have been made is that of brain damage. Psychology as a profession includes numerous areas of specialization: biological psychology, experimental psychology, developmental, social. etc.

area

1. an area of activity, interest, knowledge etc, esp. one that people consider should be respected or admired;

1. Keith has a degree in psychology, but couldn't find a job in his field.

2. Laycock is one of the most brilliant psychiatrists in the field.

3. Floyd Ruch avoided a global definition, defining psychology in terms of its fields of study.

4. This last definition reflected the growing interest in fields outside of traditional "experimental" psychology.

field

2. a particular section of society a particular subject or activity that sb works in or is interested in

1. This problem is outside the domain of medical science.

2. male/female domain: Physics used to be very much a male domain.

3. Wilhelm Wundt stated in the opening sentence of his book Principles of Physiological Psychology (1873): 'The book that I herewith offer to the public attempts to mark out a new domain of science'.

domain

3. a particular subject or activity, or an aspect of it

1. Mitchell's greatest achievements have been in the diplomatic sphere.

2. in scientific/political etc spheres: She has a solid reputation in scientific spheres.

3. public/private sphere: Women have often been excluded from positions of power in the public sphere.

4. sb's sphere of influence

sphere

4. an area of knowledge or activity; esp. one that sb is responsible for

1. Psychology can be referred to as a(n)

1. ___________

2. ___________

of science

3. ___________

4. ___________

(as in the ______ of psychology)

2. Experimental psychology and social psychology can be referred to as

1. ___________

2. ___________

3. ___________

4. ___________

5. ___________

of psychology

6. ___________ of specialization

in psychology

3. The treatment of mental illness is a(n)

1. ___________

2. ___________

of psychological study

Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia defines the word terminology in the following way: the expressions and words, or a set of expressions and words, used by people involved in a specialized activity or field of work. Terminology is also referred to as technical vocabulary.

There are three categories of such expressions and words in psychology terminology:

1. those used exclusively to denote psychological notions (e.g. behaviorism)

2. common-core words and expressions used in the psychological contexts in special ways (e.g. conditioning, frustration)

3. common-core words and expressions used as terms (e.g. emotion, memory)

Psychology overlaps with other sciences that investigate behavior and mental processes. Thus there are terms in psychology borrowed from or shared with these sciences:

e.g.

dualism, monism (philosophy); neuron, endocrine system (physiology); dialect, speech act (linguistics); racism, nuclear family (sociology); structuralism (an approach to linguistics, social anthropology, and psychology); altruism (social psychology and sociobiology); schizophrenia (clinical psychology and psychiatry)

mind

mental experience

behavior

cognition

conscious

consciousness

ontology

epistemology

Specifically psychological terms

Common-core words used in special ways

Common-core words used as terms

Terms shared with other sciences

sentences

PD

ED

EE

LD

1. Psychologists study the mind, which refers to both conscious and unconscious mental states.

1

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2. A patient who is not fully conscious should never be left alone.

3. I made a conscious effort to get there on time.

4. They have become increasingly health-conscious.

5. She's very conscious of the problems involved.

6. David lost consciousness and had to be taken to the hospital.

7. The march is intended to raise people’s consciousness about women’s health issues.

8. Yoga can have the effect of broadening your consciousness.

9. At the end of the last century, psychology concerned itself mainly with the study of mind and consciousness through introspection, the description of experience.

10. Our subconscious mind tries to protect us.

11. I don’t really have a scientific mind.

12. She was one of the greatest minds of her generation.

13. Here are some important points to keep in mind.

14. Try to keep an open mind until you’ve heard all the facts.

15. The mind - body problem in the modern era was given its definitive shape by Descartes.

16. Psychology is the study of the nature, functions, and phenomena of behaviour and mental experience.

17. Numerous advances have been made in areas such as the treatment of mental illness through the interchange of ideas of psychology and biological sciences.

18. The experience caused her huge amounts of mental suffering.

19. The analysis of dreams can reveal details of a person's mental state.

20. Do you have a mental picture of what it will look like?

21. I must make a mental note to talk to her about it.

Five characteristics of effective in-class group discussions

Spend some time thinking about ways you can act on these recommendations. To the extent that you can meet their objectives, you will enhance communication skills that are of value in the classroom now. These skills will also be viewed favourably by employers in the future.

1. Positive interdependence: Each group member should share a group task, a mutual goal, and common resources (a shared text or problem).

2. Face-to-face interaction and advocacy: You should assist, encourage, and support each other in learning.

3. Individual responsibility: Each group member has a responsibility to contribute to the group and do her/his ‘fair share’. Small group work is enhanced when you divide group member roles among yourselves. When you exercise these roles, you develop skills in leading, making decisions, building trust, and managing conflict. All of these skills are of value in today’s workplace. Some typical roles include a team leader, a recorder/clerk, a reporter and a language guard. Match these roles with their descriptions:

who keeps the group on task and focused. She/he reads the assignment to the group, mediates conflict, and manages time, is responsible for ensuring that all group members are heard

who takes minutes and writes down salient points

who reports back to the class as a whole

who makes sure English is spoken during discussions

4. Group processing: Each group concludes their work together by sharing the results of their work with others.

5. Group assessment: Each group needs to regularly assess the effectiveness of its communication strategies and seek ways to improve group communication. Try to answer the following questions after the group discussion: What is working? What isn’t? How can the groups function more effectively?

GETTING STARTED

1. Silence is O.K. Think before speaking.

2. Maintain roles. Once each member of a group has an assigned role (e.g., clerk) for the day, agree to those roles and do not switch.

3. If you do not understand what another person has said, ask for clarification.

4. Respect the contributions of others. One of the ways we learn from in-class discussions is from seeing things from perspective different from our own.

5. Try to give "equal air time" to everyone in the group.

Taking part in an academic discussion means being involved in a complex process of interaction with other people, the main purpose of which is to exchange views on the topics being studied. If you analyze some discussion you have participated in in your native language from the point of view of its rhetorical structure, you will be amazed at how many different functions you and your partners had to verbalize before you could come to some agreement. You expressed opinions, agreed and disagreed with each other on some points, asked for clarification of some ideas that, when first formulated, seemed not quite clear, etc. While all this does not cause any difficulties in your native tongue, a foreign language discussion is likely to present you with a need to brush up your arsenal of the corresponding functional language.