13 Июн 2012 в 21:44|Это спам|Ответить

Aleksandr Semenenko

Direction of gene flow

Some would argue that genetic and linguistic affinity between Slavs and Indo-Aryans is due to the recent arrivals from the east. However, a recent migration from the east would have also brought Hg N3 to the Balkans, since it is widely distributed in Russia and Ukraine - between Black Sea and the Baltic Sea, but this genetic marker has not been found in the Balkans. This indicates that R1a1 migration to the Balkans took place before Hg N3 arrived in European Russia and Ukraine. Hg N3 has the highest frequency amongst the Finns at 61% and has been considered a Finno-Ugric marker. Laitinen et al. (2002) estimate that Finno-Ugric tribes arrived in the Baltic region 5,000-6,000 years ago. Therefore, the Hg R1a1 migration from the east to the Balkans must have occurred prior to the Hg N3 expansion and thus avoided the contact with the populations when Hg N3 was already present (Skulj et al. 2006).

Significantly, Hg I-M170 (Figure 2), which is posited to be older than Hg R1a1-

M17 and is believed to have expanded from a refuge in the northern Balkans after LGM (Semino et al. 2000), has not been detected in India (Sengupta et al. 2006). Hg I is widespread throughout Europe; from British Isles to Russia and from Baltic Sea to the Balkan peninsula. The frequency is particularly high in the Balkans, as high as ~71% in the Croats of Bosnia-Herzegovina. It is frequent in Russia and Ukraine at ~20%, and also the rest of Europe, particularly in Scandinavia. In England the frequency is 18%, Germany 20%, Denmark 39%, Norway 40%, south Sweden 40% and Estonia 19%. The estimated age of Hg I is 22, 000 years, which would give it an abundance of time for expansion, and it is also considerably more widely spread in Europe than Hg R1a1. It should be stressed that, despite the theories of Aryan home in Germany or Germanic lands (Ghosh 1951: 213-214), Hg I has not been detected in India. This would rule out Europe as the home of the Aryans after the last Ice Age. Hg I-M170 has been detected in Pakistan at 0.57 % (Sengupta et al. 2006) and at 0.3 % (Firasat et al. 2007), where it could have been brought by the army of the Alexander the Great (Qamar et al. 2002, Firasat et al. 2007). At lower frequencies, Hg I is found in the Near East, Caucasus and Central Asia but not in Iran. In the populations of Central Asia, the frequency is only 1.5% (Marjanovic et al. 2005, Qamar et al. 2002, Rootsi et al. 2004).

Furthermore, another haplogroup can provide some insights into the origins of the Indo-Aryans. It is Hg K*-M9, which is widespread in Asia and appears at high frequencies in Koreans at 69 %, Mongolians at 25 %, Uzbeks at 15 %, Kazakhs at 11 %, Tatars at 9 %, Russians/Tashkent at 6 % (Nasidze et al. 2005), Russians/Yaroslavl at 14 % (Malyarchuk et al. 2004). In India it was not detected in a sample of 728 males, but in Pakistan there was one individual in a sample size of 176 or 0.57 % (Sengupta et al. 2006). While Kivisild et al. (2002) has found that Hg K* (HG26-M9) is absent in Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Sri Lanka, but is present at 0.8 % in India as a whole, but at 3.2 % in Western Bengal and 3.4 % in Gujarat and also in Iran at 3.6 %. From Chatterji (1988) we learn that there is a Mongoloid stratum in the Himalayas and in the tracts immediately to the south, in Assam, in North and East Bengal and that he observed Sino-Tibetan influence is still present there.

13 июн 2012 в 21:44|Это спам|Ответить

Aleksandr Semenenko

It is significant, that Hg N3 and also Hg I did not reach Iran and India. This can be taken as another indication that the migration(s) carrying Hg R1a1 did not originate in Europe. A northern, central or east European origin of Hg R1a1, and the subsequent expansions and migrations would have picked up both Hg I and Hg N3 chromosomes and the linguistic affinities with Sanskrit and taken them eastward in the direction of India. However, high frequency of Hg R1a1 chromosomes, and the high linguistic affinities with Sanskrit are primarily common only to Slavic and Indo-Aryan populations. This is not the case for other European or eastern European genetic markers such as Hg I and Hg N3, since Hg I and Hg N3 are absent from India. Also the virtual absence of Hg K* also rules out central Asia or Siberia as the homeland of the Indo-Aryans.

As mentioned before, Hg N3, which is widely distributed among Finno-Ugric populations where the high frequencies occur, is also frequent in the Slavic populations surrounding the Baltic and Black Sea, where the largest absolute numbers occur. This marker, which is considered to be as old as R1a1, has not reached the Balkans, nor has it migrated to India (Skulj 2007) (Figure 3).

Based on the above mentioned genetic markers, one has to conclude that Hg R1a1 chromosomes came from India and reached the Balkans, before Hg N3 expanded between the Baltic and the Black Seas. Also the expansion of Hg I from the Balkans was impeded and did not reach India. All of this is in agreement and supports Out of India Theory (OIT) of the ‘satem’ branch of the Indo-European language family. Furthermore, the domestication of cattle in the Indus valley and no indication of domestication of European aurochs (Edwards et al. 2007) further support the OIT.