Вычленение требуемой информации

22. Ответьте на приведенные ниже вопросы после однократного прослушивания текста:

1. Who was Robert О'Нага Burke by nationality?

2. What was the starting point of Burke's expedition?

3. What was Burke’s destination in the north?

4. When did Burke lead his expedition to the Gulf of Carpentaria?

5. What made Burke take the job of leading the expedition?

6. Why was Burke’s expedition special?

7. Who was Burke’s second-in-command?

8. How old was Wills?

9. Why did the party split up at Cooper’s Сreek ?

10. Who went north together with Burke and Wills ?

11. How many survivors returned to the meeting point at Cooper‘s Creek?

12. Where did Burke and Wills die?

Устное изложение

22. Изложите содержание текста:

The word entropy was coined by German physicist Rudolf Clausius in 1868, the idea dates back to the 1820s and a young Frenchman called Sadi Carnot. Carnot was trying to find out why a steam engine works. He realised it is because it is hot in one place and cold in another. The flow of heat energy from hot to cold drives the engine.

Clausius showed this is true for all forms of energy. Work is done and things happen because energy moves from areas of high energy (or temperature) to areas of lower energy — just as water falling over a dam can turn a water wheel.

The movement is strictly one way, from high to low. Left standing, a cup of hot coffee gradually cools down as it loses heat to the air around, warming the air very slightly. Eventually, the coffee is as cool as the air and there is no longer any energy difference to make anything happen. In this equilibrium state, entropy is at a maximum.

Clausius summed it all up in 1865 in two universal thermodynamic laws. The first Law of Thermodynamics is similar to the Conservation of Energy Law. It says that the total energy in the universe is fixed at the beginning of time and will remain so until the end. The Second Law of thermodynamics is about the way energy is dissipated as heat every time it is used. This means the total entropy of the universe must increase. Eventually, scientists once argued, the universe will end because all energy will be nothing but heat. Few scientists agree altogether with this idea of Heat Death for the universe, but the two laws of thermodynamics are considered the most important scientific laws of all.