1. What's the Russian for:

binnacle, deviation, pivot, destination, correction, brass, wood, liquid compass, compass card, navigational instruments, outside, to freeze, to adjust, to reduce, to act.

2. Translate into English:

Магнитный компас состоит из картушки и магнитов. Картушка сделана из луженой латуни. Жидкость магнитных компасов состоит из 45% спирта и 55% дистиллированной воды. Компас установлен в нактоузе. Внешние силы действуют на компас и уменьшают его точность.

3. Translate into Russian:

1) The instruments used to obtain information about the bearing, direction,

course and speed of the ship are called navigational instruments because with

their help the navigator fixes the geographical position of his ship.

2) As alcohol does not freeze, it is used in liquid compasses.

3) Since the ships are not made of wood or nonmagnetic materials, outside

magnetic forces act upon the compass.

4. Answer the following questions to the text:

1) What is it necessary to know for the safe conduct of a ship?

2) What are navigational instruments? What are they used for?

3) What is a magnetic compass? What does it consist of?

4) What is a liquid compass composed of?

5) Is the compass itself mounted in the binnacle?

6) Are the various corrections used to adjust the magnetic compass and reduced

deviations?

5. Translate texts without a dictionary:

1) To conduct a ship safely from one place to another, it is necessary to know the ship's speed and course, the bearing, or direction and the distance to fixed objects and other vessels. It is also necessary to know the depth of the water under the ship's keel.

2) There are different navigational instruments used for this purpose. These are

sextants, chronométrés and watches, compasses and meteorological

instruments.

3) The navigational instruments are divided into different groups. Different logs are used to find the ship's speed and distance run. Echosounders (or echo sounding machines) are used to find the depth of water. There are navigational range finders and distance metres, course- recording and plotting instruments.

Note:

a range finder — дальномер

4) The compass is one of the most important instruments used by the navigators because it indicates direction.

For centuries it has been the principal source of that knowledge of direction upon which the navigation and the safety of ships depend.

There are two principal types of compasses, the gyrocompass and the magnetic compass. There is a compass card in each.

Note: century — столетие, source — источник

7. Texts for additional reading.

1. Sensitive Element of the Gyrocompass

The element in a compass indicating the direction of the meridian is called the Sensitive element. In the gyrocompass the Sensitive element is a gyro-sphere containing two gyroscopes.

The gyroscopes are linked mechanically and installed in such a way that their main axes make an angle of 90°.

The Sensitive element is placed in a reservoir filled with a liquid. The specific gravity of the liquid is so adjusted as to make the sensitive element buoyant. The sensitive element can rotate unrestrictedly around its geometrical centre which is the centre of suspension. The centre of gravity of the sensitive element is located below its geometrical centre.

2. Gyrocompass Errors

The sensitive element of a gyrocompass placed on a stationary base brings its main axis into the plane of the geographical (true) meridian. However, if the gyrocompass is installed on a moving ship, the axis of the sensitive element departs from the true meridian plane through some or other reasons.

The departures of the gyrocompass axis from its equilibrium position in line with the true meridian plane are known as the deviations or errors of the gyrocompass.

It is accepted to consider these errors as being negative if they are directed westward of the meridian, and positive if they are directed eastward of it.

By speed deviation is understood the deflection of the main axis of the gyrocompass from the plane of the true meridian resulting due to the ship's moving at a constant speed V and following a fixed course K.