10. Expand the following sentences.

1. Management is a set of activities designed to achieve an organization’s objectives.

2. Resources are used to accomplish the manager’s purpose.

3. Managers use an organization’s resources, and fulfil several managerial functions.

4. There are three essential managerial skills.

5. Small businesses usually have one or two managers who keep the business running.

6. At this level managers are usually called managers.

7. All managers try to achieve the same thing.

8. Top level managers need conceptual skills.

11. Put the following sentences in a logical order according to the text.

1. The extent to which managers perform the functions of management varies by level in the management hierarchy.

2. An important characteristic of managers is that they do their jobs by working with and through other people.

3. Small businesses usually have one or two managers who are responsible for the diverse management duties needed to keep the business running.

4. Managers interact and cooperate with employees.

5. A business can be viewed as a system: a group of related parts organized to work together for some purpose.

6. All managers, however, regardless of the size of the company or their level within it, try to achieve the same thing: to work effectively with people so that the business achieves its objectives.

7. Resources are used to accomplish the manager’s intended purpose.

8. A manager's level in the organization determines the relative importance of possessing technical, human, and conceptual skills.

Reading 2

1. While reading the text try to find the proofs that management is not only a science but also an art.

2. Read the article. The following sentences have been taken out of the text. Where do you think they should go?

1. … to become and remain effective.

2. … will produce higher profits.

3. Nevertheless….

4. … will probably continue to function as both an art and science

5. … is a prime requirement for a manager

6. Accordingly …

7. … to accomplish the work of their business.

8. Basically …

9. … to certain orderly principles.

Management as both Art and Science

It has been clear from the emergence of modern business that effective management a)_______________. b)_____________, managers have been highly motivated to understand the nature of their job and to improve their performance. The goal of management is to integrate the diverse elements of a business – people, machinery, money, buildings and raw materials – and direct them toward a common purpose. To do this well, a manager must combine the intuitive abilities of art with the rational methods of science. The field of management that includes the study and use of mathematical models and statistical methods to improve the effectiveness of managerial decision making is called management science.

Clearly, management is a difficult job. One factor that makes it difficult is that that the work situation – employees, technology, competition, and cost – constantly changes. All of the functions a manager must perform require dedication, persistence, intelligence, the ability to deal with concepts as well as details, and the willingness to accept stress and responsibility. Particularly in the modern world, where business operations are becoming increasingly complex, a manager must consciously develop his or her personal qualities, professional skills, and business knowledge c)________________________.

An effective manager must develop and apply such qualities and skills as innovation, decision making, leadership, communication, and motivation.

Managers must try to find new and better ways d)___________________. Being a manager requires a high level of innovation, or creativity to formulate new techniques, products, and approaches to business problems. Decision making is the process of selecting an alternative course of action that will solve a problem. The capacity for decision making, often with data that is incomplete or of doubtful exactness, e)__________________. To produce a truly effective organization, a manager must also use leadership, which can be defined as the ability to influence the attitudes and behaviour of others through skill in personal relations and without the use of force.

Nearly everything a manager does is accomplished through other people. Although psychology and sociology are making progress in describing human behaviour scientifically, most facets of personal interactions remain unclear. f)_______________________, successful personal interactions in a business setting are dependent on the sensitivity of a manager. Intuition and sensitivity are also useful in the many business decisions that must be made with incomplete data. If an executive must decide whether to introduce new product, he or she will have a variety of data and the opinions of others. g)____________________, much even most, of the relevant data will not be available. In order to make decisions, experienced executives must have a feel for the market and for the behaviour of the consumers.

Rational and quantitative approaches are becoming even more common and successful in business. These scientific aspects of management stress the use of data gathered and measured according h)________________________. These methods are widely used not only in production and distribution, but also in the people oriented management functions, such as supervision and sales. In spite of the growing importance of these techniques, however management i)_____________________.