- •Глава 1topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during Глава 2interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian sight interpretation of the following text: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Глава 3topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Глава 4topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Глава 5 Глава 6topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Make-two-way translation of the following text:
- •Глава 7topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate
16.8. General Culture
It is not sufficient for the interpreter to have even a very extensive knowledge of the subject with which the conference will deal. He should in addition have an extremely wide general culture, and young interpreters who lack it will be well advised to make all the necessary sacrifices to secure it, even if this means that they have to wait a few years longer before they can earn their living satisfactorily, get married, etc. At any moment, and whatever the subject under discussion, a speaker or a conference may start debating a totally unexpected question. That a committee of statisticians should suddenly deal with medical, agricultural or railway technique, that a congress of lawyers should launch into problems of maritime navigation or the steel industry, that a political assembly should discuss budgeting, migrations or the building of dams is nothing out of the ordinary; but a trade union meeting of road hauliers may also discuss cold storage, chemists may debate points of Latin grammar, and aviators may show some concern for the technique of budget control.
Like journalists, diplomats, and politicians, the interpreter should be able to speak at any time on any subject, but unlike the others he receives no warning and cannot secure last minute information, and he has no possibility of choosing the appropriate moment when he will speak.
The ideal interpreter would be a living complete encyclopedia, constantly kept up-to-date with all that is said and done in all kinds of human activity. That of course is not possible in practice, but the conscientious interpreter should untiringly work towards that goal. As we shall see, the very practice of his trade will help him.
However that may be, the interpreter must have a fairly profound knowledge of a number of subjects which frequently arise more or less indirectly in all sorts of meetings and which non-specialists are very fond of debating. Among others may be mentioned contemporary history, political and economic geography, civil law, commercial law, constitutional law, economics, budgetary technique, international trade, parliamentary procedure, international organization. More superficial but still precise information is also required on subjects such as medicine, agriculture, the technique of various industries, the work of insurance companies, maritime law, physical geography, sociology, etc.
Questions for discussion:
How should the interpreter behave in case of bad hearing?
Speak on the language of original speech.
Speak on the country of the speaker.
Speak on the case of the speaker who uses a foreign language.
How to cope with accents in interpreting?
How to cope with provincialisms in interpreting?
Why is knowing subject matter important in interpreting?
Why is general culture important for the interpreter?
Practical assignments
Make two-way oral translation of the following text:
OUR PLANET THE EARTH |
НАША ПЛАНЕТА ЗЕМЛЯ |
Our planet, the Earth, is the home of hundreds of thousands of living creatures. Life has permeated everywhere. It has ascended to the tops of the highest mountains, where there is hardly any air, and has hidden beneath the expanses of the oceans, reconciling itself to the tremendous pressures exerted by the waters. Life has come to the hot, arid deserts and to the eternal ice of the Arctic. Living creatures have adapted themselves to an absence of oxygen, to everlasting gloom, and to unbroken silence. But, wherever living organiams have settled, they need food which has to be distributed throughout their bodies, and they have to carry out the processes of metabolism. They also need to feel at home in their environment and start families to ensure the survival of the species. |
Наша планета Земля – родина сотен тысяч видов различных животных. Жизнь проникла всюду. Она поднялась к вершинам высочайших гор в почти безвоздушное пространст-во и спряталась под многокилометровую толщу океанов, мирясь со страшным давлением воды, проникла в жаркие безводные пустыни и в вечные льды арктических областей, она приспособилась к отсутствию кислорода, вечному мраку и ничем не нарушенному безмолвию. Но где бы ни селились живые организмьі, им везде нужно находить пищу, распределять ее по всему телу, осуществлять обмен веществ, уметь ориентироваться в привычной для них обстановке и обзаводиться потомством, чтобы обеспечить существование вида. |
Translator's Decisions
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Переводческие решения
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THE PROBLEM OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY E NEEDS |
ПРОБЛЕМА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЬІ И РАЗВИТИЕ ОБЩЕСТ-ВЕННЬІХ ПОТРЕБНОСТЕЙ |
The last three decades in the world's development have been characterized by the increasingly pressing nature of global problems that are of concern to the whole of mankind. The accelerated growth of the productive forces, the increasing physical and economic internationalization of the modern world combined with the global scale of world political processes have generated a whole set of organically intertwined global factors which are increasingly affecting the shaping of mankind's future. A place of prominence among these global problems belongs to preservation of the natural environment on our planet and ensuring the national use of its resources, which has for the first time in history come to be an objective reality. Several decades ago the Russian scientist V.I.Vernadsky wrote: «In the twentieth century, for the first time in the history of the Earth, Man has learned about, and exten-ded his activities to, the whole of the biosphere; he has completed the Earth's geopgraphical map and has settled throughout the length and breadth of the globe. In its way of life, mankind has become a single whole». |
Мировое развитие в последней трети XX века характеризуется возрастающей актуальностью проблем, имеющих всемирное, общечеловеческое значение. Ускоренное развитие призводи-тельных сил, усиление физичес-кой и економической интернаци-онализации современного мира, наряду с масштабностью миро-вых политических процессов, породили целый комплекс орга-нически связанных между собой глобальних факторов, затраги-вающих в большой мере судьбы всего человечества. В комплексе этих общемировых проблем важное место занимают проблема со- хранения природной среды нашей планеты и рационального использования ее ресурсов, впервые в истории возникшая как объективная реальность. Несколько десятилетий тому назад русский ученый Вернадский писал: «В XX веке впервые в истории Земли чело- век узнал и охватил всю биосферу, закончил географи-ческую карту Земли, расселился по всей ее поверхности. Человечество своей жизнью стало единым целым». |
Scientific and technological process has equipped mankind with a previously unheard-of powerful means of harnessing and utilising the forces of nature. The increasing scale of society's impact on the environment has, however, created a danger of polluting and destroying it. The present ecological conflict threatens to deplete the non-renewable resources of nature and to pollute the biosphere. This is why the further development of the productive forces will make it increasingly imperative to work out special measures to reduce the rapid build-up of the pressure on the environment on the part of economic system. |
Научно-технический прогресе вооружил человечество невидан-ными ранее средствами для покорения и использования сил природы. Однако в результате все более широкомасштабного воздействия общества на окружающую природу возникла опасность ее загрязнения и опустошения. Современный экологический конфликт – это угроза истоще-ния невознобляемых ресурсов и загрязнения биосферы. По мере дальнейшего развития произво- дительных сил все более настоя-тельной становится необходи-мость в проведении специальных мероприятий по минимизации стремительно растущей нагрузки на естественную среду со стороны экономических систем. |
The global industrialisation of economic activity, the growing population of the globe, the unprecedented concentration of the means of production and people in the major cities, etc. carry the threat of increasing pressure on the environment and on the totality of the natural resources. The resulting ecological conflict ia now becoming a recognized factor in the economic and social development of society. Its consequences are literally being felt in all the links and levels of national economies. The present ecological conflict threatens to deplete the non-renewable resources of nature and to pollute the biosphere. This is why the further development of the productive forces will be making it increasingly imperative to work out measures to reduce the rapid build-up of the pressure on the environment on the part of economic systems.
Translator's Decisions
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Глобальная индустриализация хозяйственной деятельности, рост народонаселення земного шара, беспрецедентная концентрация средств производства и людских масс в крупных городах и т.п. влекут за собой увеличение нагрузки на окружающую среду и всю совокупность природных ресурсов. Возникший в итоге экологический конфликт становит-ся общепризнанным фактором экономического и социального развития общества. Его последст-вия ощущаются буквально во всех звеньях и на всех уровнях народно-хозяйственных систем. Современный экологический конфликт – это угроза истощения невозобновимых ресурсов природы и загрязнения био сферы. По мере дальнейшего развития призводи-тельных сил все более настоятель-ной становится необходимость в проведении специальных мероприя-тий по минимизации стремительно растущей нагрузки на естественную среду со стороны економических систем. Переводческие решения
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