- •Глава 1topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during Глава 2interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian sight interpretation of the following text: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Глава 3topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
- •16.2. The language of the original speech
- •16.3. The country of the speaker
- •16.4. The case of the speaker who uses a foreign language
- •16.5. Accents
- •16.6. Provincialisms
- •16.7. Subject Matter
- •16.8. General Culture
- •Глава 4topic 17: basic types of professional two-way interpretation (pti)
- •17.1. Dialogue Translation
- •17.2. Informal Two-way Interpretation Without Note-making
- •17.3. Official Two-way Interpreting Without Note-taking (Liaison Formal Interpreting)
- •17.5. Consecutive Discourse Interpreting
- •If salt loses its flavour
- •Basic Interpretation Analogues for the Text
- •Глава 5 Глава 6topic 18: combined types of interpretation
- •18.1. Sight translation
- •18.2. Sight translation with the help of dictaphone
- •18.3. Cinema/Video/tv-translation
- •18.4. Cinema/Video/tv-translation Without Preparation
- •18.5. Cinema/Video/tv-translation with Preliminary Preparation
- •18.6. Screen Translation as a Combined Type of Interpreting
- •Ukrainian exodus to North America
- •Make-two-way translation of the following text:
- •Глава 7topic 19: specialized interpretation
- •19.1. Details of Working in Different Spheres of Professional Communication
- •19.2. Forms of Initial Voice Information (for all Genres)
- •19.3. General-political Informational (Diplomatic) Discourse/Dialogue Interpreting
- •19.4. Phraseology in Interpretation
- •Donors Help Ukraine Cut High Infant Mortality Rate
If salt loses its flavour
Pleasant aromas enhance salty and sweet foods.
More than 2/3 of technologically processed food products, such as light snacks, bread and cheesc, contain salt, according to the WHO. In other words, consumers can only control approximately 20% of the amount of salt they consume. Seeing as most people have no idea how much salt ends up in their systems from the food they eat, it is difficult to control the amount. Moreover, some fast food chains sell meals that are not only rich in salt, but also in fats and sugar.
This is why the WHO European Office and medical organizations on other continents are requiring companies operating in the public catering business to reduce the content of salt in their products. Experts at the WHO say that cutting salt consumption by half (to 5 g daily - the daily recommended level for adults) would reduce the number of strokes by 24% and the number of cases of heart diseases by 18%. The question is how can salt levels be reduced so that consumers don't notice? "Anybody who has had a bad cold knows that food is tasteless when their nose is stuffed up," says Thomas Hummel, a professor at the University of Dresden. A group of scientists that he heads tried to find out whether there is an inverse relation - is it possible to "fix" tasteless food with strong flavoring and aromatic substances? In order to find the answer to this question, different concentrations of salt and sugar solutions were administered in drops on the tongues of volunteers, and then they were asked to smell bacon and wild strawberry aromas. The volunteers had to judge the intensity of salty and sweet flavors of the liquids and say whether they liked the tastes. The results of the experiment were impressive: the volunteers thought that solutions with low concentrations of salt and sugar were 20% sweeter or saltier due to their aromas. Scientists compared this effect with film subtitles – viewers notice them more when there is something wrong with the sound.
The researchers noticed another interesting detail: while consumers are technically willing to accept flavoring agents as substitutes for sugar, this trick does not work with salt. Indeed, the volunteers thought that liquids flavored with the aroma of wild strawberries were not only sweeter, but even tastier. At the same time, they found the solution with bacon flavor to be saltier, though nevertheless unpleasant. The scientists explained that people simply enjoy eating rather than drinking something salty. Symrise, a producer of flavoring agents, which financed this research, suggested using onion extract as a salty taste booster and potassium chloride as an alternative salt. Apparently, this will allow for lowering thesalt content in foodstuffs by 30 - 50%. However, alternative salt has an unpleasant aftertaste.
Critics say today a huge number of taste boosters and flavoring agents arc used in the production of foodstuffs and that additional flavoring agents can give people an excessive appetite, which results in overeating and obesity. This means that the problem of consuming less salt must be solved using some other tricks. One of them was invented by the Dutch company Ni/o, which conducts surveys about food technologies. The main idea is to boost taste sensations with the help of the contrast effect, which appears when receptors are irritated by strong and weak tastes in turn. For example, Nizo suggested toasting bread made in layers from two kinds of dough - one less and one more salty. The company's experts shared their experience of baking such bread in the Journal of Cereal Science. They believe the technology is promising, as it helps reduce the content of sodium chloride in bread without detracting from its flavor. Be that as it may, they still cannot explain the mechanism of the taste contrast effect, saying it could be related not to the activity of taste receptors, but rather to the activity of the human brain.
Make two-way translation of the following text:
Which Party Is Using Dirty Tricks? |
Яка з партій вдається до брудних технологій? |
Democrats are amassing a team of lawyers to challenge close election results in virtually any state. Already, some prominent Democrats are alleging Republicans will try to «steal» the election by suppressing the black vote. This is a clever strategy that has worked well for Democrats before – charge the Republicans with dirty tricks while you are using the same dirty tricks and maybe no one will notice.
Modern elections, dating to the famous Cook County, Illinois, cemetery voters that put John Kennedy over the top, have provided Democrats with votes they otherwise would not have had. Former President Jimmy Carter charged in a Washington Post column that the problems in Florida during the 2000 elections could be repeated this year. Specifically, Carter claims Republicans tried four years ago to disenfranchise 22,000 black voters on grounds they were felons and ineligible to cast ballots.
Florida Gov. Jeb Bush took exception to Carter's claims. He says Carter did not try to contact anyone in his office to obtain up-to-date information before writing his opinion piece. Bush's press secretary said the former president was being used by his party «for low-level political rhetoric». You mean there is such a thing these days as «high-level political rhetoric»?
There is plenty of actual and potential fraud in Florida, but most of it appears not to be coming from the Republican side. Snowbird residents – those with winter homes in Florida – are being encouraged by Democrats to register in Florida and vote twice – once in their home states and once in Florida. Another trick used in the past by Democrats is to obtain lists of non-voters and then vote absentee in their behalf. Partisans have also gone into nursing and retirement homes, requested absentee ballots for all residents and then voted them all, sending the ballots in to election officials in bundles.
This stuff happens all over the country, as John Fund notes in his new book, «Stealing Elections: How Voter Fraud Threatens Our Democracy.»
In close races, illegal votes could make the difference. Why aren't these people stopped before they can vote again?
And that's Column One for this week. |
Наразі демократи мобілізують команду юристів з метою опротес-тування результатів напружених виборів практично в усіх штатах. Вже зараз деякі лідери демокра-тичної партії безпідставно припису-ють республіканцям наміри пере-могти на виборах, створюючи перепони волевиявленню чорношкі-рих виборців. Подібна мудра стра-тегія в минулому справила демократам добру службу – інкри-мінуючи республіканцям викорис-тання брудних технологій, вдавати-ся до таких самих політтехнологій і сподіватися, шо ніхто цього не помітить. Новітня історія виборів веде свій початок із сумнозвісних виборів у окрузі Кук (штат Іллінойс), коли завдяки «мертвим душам» демократи отримали голоси, необхідні для перемоги Джона Кеннеді, без яких вони не набрали б більшості. На шпальтах «Вашинг-тон поуст» колишній президент Джіммі Картер висловив припущення, що проблеми, які виникли під час виборів у Флориді 2000 р., можуть повторитися цьогоріч. Зокрема, Картер твердить, що чотири роки тому республіканці намагалися позбавити виборчих прав 22 000 чорношкірих виборців на тій підставі, шо вони притягувалися до кримінальної відповідальності та, таким чином, не мають права брати участь у виборах. Губернатор Флориди Джеб Буш виступив із запереченням обвинувачень Картера. Він заявляє, Картер не спілкувався ні з ким у його відомстві для отримання уточненої інформації перед тим як публічно висловити власну точку зору. Прес-секретар Буша говорить, що однопартійні використовують колишнього президента «для низькопробної політичної ритори-ки». Він що, справді вірить, що в наш час існує «високопробна політична риторика»? У Флориді є багато доказів фактичних і ймовірних шахрайств, але скидається на те, шо більшість із порушень – на совісті зовсім не республіканської партії. Демократи заохочують так званих «перелітних пташок», тобто тих, хто проводить зиму у Флориді, зареєструватися ше й там і голосувати двічі – як у своїх штатах, так і у Флориді. Інша брудна технологія, до якої в минулому вдавалися демократи, полягала в тому, щоб прихопити списки тих, хто з певних причин не зможе особисто з'явитися на виборчу дільницю, і відтак проголосувати за них заочно. Партійні активісти також навідувалися до будинків престарілих, вимагали вида-ти відкріпні талони для всіх пожильців і надсилали до виборчих комісій ціпі паки з отим «печивом». Подібна практика трапляється по всій країні, – такого висновку дійшов Джон Фанд у своїй новій книзі «Виборчі політгехноло- гії: як фальсифікація голосувань загрожує нашій демократії». Коли кількість бюлетенів «за» та «проти» майже рівна, результати виборів можуть вирішити підтасо-вані голоси. Чи не можна зупинити цих людей перед тим як вони знову голосуватимуть? Ви дивилися щотижневу «Першу шпальту». |