- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. The non-finite forms of the verb (the verbals)
- •§ 2. The characteristic traits of the verbals are as follows:
- •The participle
- •§ 3. The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.
- •§ 5. The tense distinctions of the participle.
- •§ 6. The voice distinctions of the participle.
- •§ 7. The functions of Participle I in the sentence.
- •§ 8. The functions of Participle II in the sentence.
- •§ 9. Predicative constructions with the participle.
- •§ 10. The Objective Participial Construction.
- •§ 11. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •§ 12. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.
- •§ 13. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •§ 14. Absolute constructions without a participle.
- •§ 15. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Nominative Absolute Construction are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon.
- •The gerund
- •§ 16. The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character.
- •§ 17. The double nature of the gerund.
- •§ 18. The tense distinctions of the gerund.
- •§ 19. The voice distinctions of the gerund.
- •§ 20. Predicative constructions with the gerund.
- •§ 21. The use of the gerund.
- •§ 22. The gerund and the infinitive.
- •§ 23. The functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •§ 24. The gerund and the participle.
- •§ 25. The gerund and the verbal noun.
- •The infinitive
- •§ 27. The tense and aspect distinctions of the infinitive.
- •§ 28. The voice distinctions of the infinitive.
- •§ 29. The use of the infinitive without the particle to (the bare infinitive).
- •§ 30. The functions of the infinitive in the sentence.
- •§ 31. Infinitive constructions.
- •§ 32. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of the objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •§ 33. The Subjective Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of the subjective infinitive construction
- •§ 34. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •Attribute.
- •§ 35. With the expressions to be sorry, to be glad the infinitive is used only if the subject of the sentence represents at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the infinitive.
- •Part II exercises in the non-finite forms of the verb participle I
- •Predicative Constructions with Participle I
- •Participle II
- •Dialogue
- •Revision (the participle)
- •Dialogue
- •The gerund
- •As subject or predicative:
- •As a part of a compound verbal predicate:
- •As a prepositional object:
- •As an attribute:
- •As an adverbial modifier:
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Gerund
- •Revision (the gerund)
- •Dialogue
- •The infinitive
- •Predicative Constructions with the Infinitive
- •Revision (the infinitive)
- •Dialogue
- •General revision
- •Dialogue
- •Contents
The gerund
§ 16. The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character.
The gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.
§ 17. The double nature of the gerund.
As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.
They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (subject)
I like making people happy. (Shaw) (object)
The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE)
The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.
I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway)
Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
"I wonder at Jolyon's allowing this engagement," he said to Aunt Ann. (Galsworthy)
«Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он тетушке Энн.
Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy)
Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней?
The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:
The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.
I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language. (Swift)
The gerund can be modified by an adverb.
She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy)
The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:
|
Active |
Passive |
Indefinite |
writing |
being written |
Perfect |
having written |
having been written |
There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways:
(a) by a noun.
Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield)
Танцы еще не начались.
(b) by an infinitive.
She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. (Lawrence)
Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано.
It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy)
Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло.
(c) by деепричастие.
And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (Du Maurier)
И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.
On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her
arm through his. (Dickens)
Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.
(d) by a subordinate clause.
Не regretted now having come. (Galsworthy)
Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon. (Dreiser)
Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески, она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.
After having been informed of the conference in my lady's room... he immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. (Collins)
После того, как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи, ... он сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла.